SupplyChainManagement:FromVisiontoImplementationChapter7:SupplyChainMapping第七章:供应链的绘制2Chapter7:学习目标1.讨论供应链设计观念和其重要性DiscusstheconceptofSCdesignanditsimportance.2.解释流程的绘制过程并描述绘制流程图在供应链设计中的作用Explainprocessmappinganddescribemapping’sroleinSCdesign.3.描述几种通行的供应链设计方法DescribeseveralpopularapproachesforSCdesign.4.绘制供应链图并描述供应链管理人员可从供应链图得到哪些关键观念Mapoutasupplychain.DescribekeyinsightsamanagercangainfromaSCmap.3供应链管理SCM是对跨越组织边界的增值流程进行无缝设计和管理,以满足最终顾客的实际需求。SCMisthedesignofseamlessvalueaddedprocessesacrossorganizationboundariestomeettherealneedsoftheendcustomer.SC设计和改进方法:1.绘制流程图(ProcessMapping)-createsvisibilityofcurrentandimprovedprocesses.2.绘制价值流图(ValueStreamMapping)-depictsflowofinformationandmaterials3.绘制供应链图(SCMapping)-displaysthedynamicsthatgovernhowasupplychainworks4供应链设计的重要性未能预先主动积极设计好供应链通常导致:FailuretoproactivelydesignaSCresultsin:协调能力差Poorcoordinationofeffort信息系统不兼容Incompatibleinformationsystems周期延长Longcycletimes沟通问题Communicationproblems顾客服务问题Customerserviceissues过多浪费和环境退化Excessivewasteandenvironmentaldegradation为达到特定的顾客服务水平而保持相对高的库存Relativelyhighinventoriesforthelevelofcustomerserviceachieved未能获取最优的利润Lowertheoptimalprofit5流程的绘制ProcessMapping流程是指一项把输入转变或改变为一项新的输出的活动Aprocessisdefinedasanactivitythattransformsorchangesinputintonewoutput.流程图就是系统的图形展示过程,包括为生产某些期望结果而进行的一系列步骤Aprocessmapisagraphicrepresentationofthesystemandcontainsasequenceofstepsthatareperformedtoproducesomedesiredoutput.流程绘制的主要目的是为了使复杂的系统可视化Theprimarygoalbehindprocessmappingistomakecomplexsystemsvisible.6流程绘制ProcessMapping7开发流程图DevelopingaProcessMap确定绘制流程图的目的Determinethepurposeoftheprocessmap设定图形内容精细水平Establishlevelofdetail设定系统的边界Establishsystemboundaries确定哪些人拥有所需的信息和经验Determinewhohastherequiredinformationorexperience.通过观察和访谈来分析流程,并记录每个步骤Analyzetheprocessthroughobservationandinterviews,documenteachstep.绘制图形Drawthemap让绘制和执行流程的相关人员审核图形,以使流程图更为清楚和完整Havethepeoplewhoareinvolvedinthemappingprocessaswellasothers(includingthosewhoactuallyperformtheprocess)reviewthemapforclarityandcompleteness8烤蛋糕流程图ProcessMap–BakeaCake9流程分析ProcessAnalysis流程分析主要用于识别无价值的或重复的活动Processanalysisisusedtoidentifynon-valueaddedorredundantactivities.1.首先检查时间、成本、资源和每一步骤所需的人员Beginprocessanalysisbyexaminingthetime,cost,resources,andpeopleinvolvedineachstep.识别消费最多时间或资源的步骤Identifythestepsthatconsumethemosttimeorresources.识别太费时间或者所需时间变化很大的流程Identifyprocessesthattaketoolongorvarygreatlyintime.识别延迟点Identifypointsofdelay.估计每一步所增加的价值(判断价值时,要考虑成本成因素)Estimatethevalueaddedbyeachstepandjudgethevalueagainstthecost.思考问题产生的原因,并考虑如何改善特定的活动或流程。Considerthereasonsforproblemsandhowtoimprovespecificactivitiesorprocesses.10流程分析ProcessAnalysis2.重新检查每一个决策符号Re-examineeachdecisionsymbol明确这个决策是否是必需的并且能增加价值?Determineifthedecisionisnecessaryandaddsvalue?考虑合并决策或者把这些决策迁移到流程中的其它位置以创造更多的价值Considercombiningdecisionsormovingthemtoanotherpointintheprocesstocreatemorevalue.3.检查每个重复工作的循环,每个循环包含了反复的流程,考虑如何减少,消除,或者重复工作合并到另一步骤中Checkeachreworkloop.Areworkloopinvolvesiterativeprocesses,likerepeatedlycheckingacakeuntilitisdonebaking.Here,considerhowreworkcanbereduced,eliminated,orcombinedwithanotherstep.4.最后,再次审视每个流程步骤。有时一个流程仅仅是由于习惯而做的,而不管其有无价值Finally,lookateachprocessstepagain.Sometimesaprocessisdoneoutofhabitwithoutverifyingitsvalue确认每个流程带来的价值要比成本多Verifythatthestepaddsmorevaluethanitscost判段是否有冗余的流程步骤Judgeifthestepisredundant.考虑如何重新合并这些步骤以取得更高的效率Considerhowstepscouldberecombinedforgreaterefficiency11最初的流程图InitialProcessMap12改进后的流程图ImprovedProcessMap福特汽车公司应付账款部门的工作就是接收采购部门送来的采购订单副本、仓库的收货单和供应商的发票,然后将三类票据在一起进行核对,查看其中的14项数据是否相符,绝大部分时间被耗费在这14项数据由于种种原因造成的不相符上。原有的业务流程如图示。原有业务流程图采购部门供应商财务部门采购定单采购定单入库单货物仓库付款发票重组后的业务流程图采购部门采购定单中央数据库发送采购定单电子数据供应商电子付款财务部门收货确认仓库货物16价值流的绘制图ValueStreamMapping价值流图是流程图的特别运用,是建立在精益生产的原则上的SpecificapplicationofprocessmappingbasedonleanManufacturingprinciples系统的边界一般在宏观的层次上定义的Systemboundariestypicallydefinedatthemacrolevel.通常要比一般的流程图包含更多的信息:Generallycontainsmoreinformationthentypicalprocessmaps:流程时间Processtime流程绩效的特征Processperformancecharacteristics信息流Informationflows实物流Physicalflows17供应链的设计太重要了,因而不能随意而为。就如基因工程已开始缩短物种进化一样,主动的供应链设计可以加快并且可永远抛弃那种缓慢的不断臃肿的工业进化流程。Supplychaindesignisjusttooimportanttoleavetochance.Justasgeneticengineeringhasbeguntoshortcuttheprocessofspeciesevolution,proactivechaindesignwillshortcutandforevermakeobsoletetheslow,incrementalprocessesofindustrialevolution.-CharlesFine,ProfessoratMIT供应链设计SupplyChainDesign18供应链设计SupplyChainDesign1.识别供应链的最终顾客Identifythechain’sendcustomer2.确定供应链的价值观DeterminetheSupplyChain’svalueproposition识别每个层次的关键参与者和他们增添的价值Identifythekeyplayersateachlevelandthevaluetheyadd确定你们公司的位置和所能增添的价值Determinewhereyourcompanyisandvalueitadds3.分析谁在供应链中拥有控制权力:制造商,分销商,零售商,或其它Analyzewhopossessesthepowerinthesupplychain:manufacturer,distributor,retailer,orotherparty确定谁与最终顾客的联系最紧密Determinewhohasthebestlinkageswiththeendcustomer采用驱动供应链成功的关键技术EstablishthekeytechnologiesthatdriveSCsuccess评估驱动供应链的核心能力AssessthecorecompetenciesthatdriveSCsuccess19供应链设计SupplyChainDesign4.把支持供应链价值主张的主要流程分离出来Isolatethemajorprocessesrequiredtosupportthesupplychain’svalueproposition确定