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Reportpaper：Thegender-rolerevolutioninAmerica2012014038周进华生技121Thegender-rolerevolutioninAmericaThereisnodoubtthatthetopicofgenderhasreachedanewlevelofuscollegestudent’sawareness.The20thcenturysawwomentaketheworkplacebystorm.Now,therevolutionhasreachedhighereducation,aswomenoutpace[1]menincollegegraduationandcontinuetonarrowthegapinprofessionaldegrees.Mostofthechangesinthegendersystemheralded[2]as“revolutionary[3]”,involvewomenmovingintopositionsandactivitiespreviouslylimitedtomen,withfewchangesintheoppositedirection.Influenceevents1.Woman'srightsmovementWomen’srightsmovementisoneofthemostinfluentevents.Discoverthekeyeventsofthewomen'srightsmovementintheUnitedStates.Thistimelinecoverstheyearsof1848to1920,whichincludesthefamedwomen'srightsconventioninSenecaFalls,N.Y.,theformationoftheNationalAmericanWomanSuffrage[4]Association,andthepassageofthenineteenthamendment[5]totheConstitution[6],givingwomentherighttovote.2.ThePillandtheSexualRevolutionSincethewomen'sliberationmovementofthe1960sand1970s,theshapeofAmericanfamilylifeunderwentcolossal[7]changes.Asthefeminist[8]movementevolvedinthelate1960s,womenstartedchallengingtheirexclusionfrompoliticsandtheworkplace.ThereleaseofNevoidin1960,thefirstbirthcontrolpill,affordedU.S.womenunprecedented[9]freedomtoplanchildbearingandtheircareers.3.WomenandtheMarketRevolutionInfact,somehistorianshavearguedthatthemarketrevolutionprovidedmoreofanopportunitythanachallengeformanywomen.JeanneBoynton,forexample,hassuggestedthatwomenwereamongtheearliestandmostenergeticparticipantsinthemarketeconomy.21Whiletraditionalpatternsofproductionandexchangecontinuedtoguidetheirhusbands,womendevelopedcottageindustriesthatcouldearnprofitsinthemarketplace.Whiletheirfemaleattributesweredeemedill-suited[10]totheworldofbusinessandcommerce[11],theyconferredonwomenincreasedpoweroverfamilyandchild-rearingdecisions,andamoralauthoritythatcouldbeappliedtocertainarenas[12],suchasphilanthropy[13]andsocialreform,outsideofthehome.Thereisprobablyadegreeoftruthinbotharguments,andregardlessofwhereweapplytheinterpretiveemphasis[14];itiscertainlytruethattherolesandperceptionofmiddle-classwomenchangedasprofoundlyasdidthoseofworking-classwomen.4.Thefinancialsector'sgenderrevolutionBy2010,womenareexpectedtocontrol60percentofallwealthintheworld’srichestcountry,accordingtoastudyfromAllianzLifeInsuranceCompanyofNorthAmerica,Americanwomenarebettereducatedandenjoyingmoresuccessfulcareersthanever,whiletheirmalecompatriotslagbehind.Butthisneweconomicforceremainssurprisinglyinsecurewhenitcomestomanagingitsmoney.GenderrevolutionchangedAmericaforeverNothingtransformedAmericanlivesinthelastcenturymorethanthegenderrevolution.Theempowermentofwomenredefinedcourtship,sex,marriage,andchild-rearing.1.Aslowingofwoman'sentryintonewoccupationsandpositions.Barrierstowomen'sopportunitiesintraditionallymalejobshavedeclinedsincethe1960s-forexample,the1970sand1980ssawa20percentagepointincreaseinwomenmanagers.Yetduringthenexttwodecadestherewasonlyafivepercentincreaseinwomen'srepresentation[15]inmanagement.Working-classoccupationsarenearlyassegregated[16]todayastheywerein1950andhavebecomemoresegregatedsince1990.2.Moreeducationaldegreesforwomen,butcontinuedsegregationofcollegemajors.Insomefields,womenhaveevenlostgroundsincethemid1980s.In1970only14percentofcomputerandinformationsciencesdegreesweregrantedtowomen.By1985women'ssharehadincreasedalmostthreefold,to37percent.Butby2008womenaccountedforonly18percentofdegreesinthefield.3.Somesignsthattherapidchangesintraditionalattitudestowardwomenbetween1977andthemid1990ShavecometoanendFrom1977to1996,thepercentageofpeoplewhobelievewomenarelesssuitedtopoliticsthanmenfellbyhalf,toaround22percent.However,despitetheattentiontothecampaignsofHillaryClintonandSarahPalin,there'sbeennochangeoverthepasttwodecades,andalmostone-fourthofAmericansstillholdthisview.Inaddition,since1994,therehasbeensomeslippage[17]insupportforegalitarian[18]marital[19]arrangements.4.Ideological[20]ChangesOurlastpossibilityofexplainingtheattitudereversal[21]ofthe1990sistolooktothebroaderideologicalclimate,whichmayhavebecomemoreconservative[22]inthe1990s.Amoreconservativeideologicalclimatewouldnotsomuch“explain”thereversalingenderattitudesaschangethenatureofoursearchforexplanations.Ifthe1990sexperiencedageneralreversalofliberalideology,ofwhichthechangeingenderattitudeswasjustapart,thenweneedtolooktosourcesofthisgeneralpatternratherthantosomespecificallygender-basedchangesAnEquivocalEndLeadersofthenewUnitedStateswerenomorewillingtogiveuponpatriarchaltraditionsthantheyweretochangesimilartraditionschampioning[23]whitesupremacy[24].Infact,therepublicanideologyoftheRevolutionwoundupcircumscribing[25]women'sroleinsocietyastheyearswentby,dividingsocietybygenderintoseparatespheres[26]—citizenshipandpublicaffairsbecamemoreexclusivelytherealmofmen,domesticity[27]andmotherhoodtherealmofwomen.Still,foramomenttheRevolutionnonethelessprovidedunprecedentedopportunitiesformanywomentomakeadifference,beginningaverygradualshiftinwomen'sself-perceptions.Rev