1单词复习:上一课回顾2Lesson1MechanicalDesign机械设计重点词汇:steadyoverlaplens/opticalfry/predetermine/settingpotentialparameter/parametricm3-cubicmetres3Paragraph1Formostofhistory,thedisciplineofmechanicaldesignrequiredknowledgeonlyofmechanicalpartsandassemblies.历史上大部分时间内,机械设计学科需要的知识仅仅局限于机械零件及其装配。Butearlyinthetwentiethcentury,electricalcomponentswereintroducedinmechanicaldevice.但在二十世纪早期,电的部分被引入到机械设备中。4Sincethattimethedisciplinehasundergoneasteadytransformationfrompurelymechanicaltoelectro-mechanical(products).从那时起,这门学科经历了从纯粹的机械产品到机电产品的平稳转变。However,nomatterhow“electronic”devicesbecome,theystillrequiremechanicalmachineryformanufactureandassemblyandmechanicalcomponentsforhousing.然而,设备无论电子设备如何发展,仍然需要机械设备用来制造和装配,需要箱体类的机械零件用来安装。5Additionally,nearlyallproductsrequiremechanicalinterface(人机接口)withhumans.另外所有产品都需要机械的界面与人类交互。6Paragraph2:Inthe1960sand1970sanotherdisciplinewasaddedtoelectro-mechanicaldesign,namely,softwaredesign.在二十世纪六、七十年代,另外一个学科又加入到电动机械设计中来,也就是软件设计。Manyelectro-mechanicalproductsnowhavemicroprocessoraspartoftheircontrolsystem.许多机电产品现在都有作为它们控制系统一部分的微处理器。7Consider,forexample,cameras,officecopiers,andourmanysmart(智能的)toys.想想看!例如照相机、复印机及许多“聪明”的玩具。Theseproductshavingmechanical,electronic,andsoftwarecomponentsarecalledmechatronicdevices.具有机械的、电的、软件部分的产品称为机电设备。8Whatmakesthedesignofthesedevicesdifficultisthenecessityfordomain(专业)anddesignprocessknowledgeinthreeoverlapping(相互交叉)butclearlydifferentdisciplines.这些设备设计的难度在于需要机、电、软三个相互交叉却又明显属不同学科的专业知识和设计过程知识。9ThedesignprocessParagraph3:Traditionallywhenwebreakdown(分解)mechanicalengineeringintoitsvariousaspects,wedecompose(分解)itbydiscipline:fluids,thermodynamics,mechanicsetc.当我们按照传统的方式将机械工程分为各个方面时,我们将其分为各个学科:流体力学、热力学、机械学等。10Incategorizingthetypesofmechanicaldesignproblems,thisdiscipline-oriented(根据学科的)approachisnotappropriate.在对机械设计进行分类时,这种面向学科的方法已不再适用。Consider,forexample,thesimplestkindofdesignproblem,aselectiondesignproblem.想一想!例如一种最简单的设计——选择设计。Selectiondesignmeanspickingone(maybemore)item(零部件)fromalistsuchthatthechosenitemmeetscertainrequirements.选择设计意思是在满足某种要求的供选择项目中选择一个或多个项目。11Commonexamplesareselectingthecorrectbearingfromabearingcatalog,selectingthecorrectlenses(透镜)foranopticaldevice,selectingtheproperfanforcoolingequipment,orselectingtheproperheatexchanger(热交换器)foraprocess.一般的例子是:选择合适的轴承;为光学设备选择合适的透镜;为制冷设备选择合适的风扇;为某一过程选择合适的热交换器。12Thedesignprocessforeachoftheseproblemsisessentiallythesame,eventhoughthedisciplinesareverydifferent.即使学科不同,这些问题的每一个解决过程基本上是一样的。13Paragraph4:Thegoalofthisarticleistodescribedifferenttypesofdesignproblemsindependentofthedisciplines.本文的目的是描述独立于某一学科的设计的不同类型。Beforebeginning,wemustrealizethatmostdesignsituationsareamixofvarioustypesofproblems.首先我们必须认识到大部分设计是各种类型问题的综合。14Forexamplewemightbedesigninganewtypeofconsumerproduct(消费品)thatwillacceptawholerawegg(生鸡蛋),breakit,fryittoapredeterminedsetting,anddeliveritonaplate(盘子).例如,我们设计一个新型的消费品,该设备能放进一个生鸡蛋,打碎它,油煎到预设的某种程度,最后传递到盘子里。Sincethisisanewproduct,therewillbealotoforiginaldesignworktobedone.由于这是一个新产品有许多创新设计工作要做。15However,asthedesignprocessproceeds,wewillfindit’snecessarytoconfigurethevariousparts;toanalyzetheheatconductionofthefryingcomponent,whichwillrequireparametricdesign;andtoselectaheatingelementandvariousfastenerstoholdthecomponentstogether.随着设计的进行,我们发现必须配置各零部件;分析油煎部分的热传递,这就需要参数设计;选择加热元件和各种紧固件将各部分连接成一体。16Eachoftheitalicizedtermscontainsadifferenttypeofdesignproblem.Itisraretofindaproblemthatispurelyonetype.每一个用斜体印刷的术语都包含了一种不同类型的设计问题。很难找到一个问题纯属于一种类型。17Selectiondesign选择性设计Paragraph5Selectiondesigninvolveschoosingoneitem(ormaybemore)fromalistofsimilaritems.选择设计:选择设计是从相似项目列表中选择一个或几个项目。Wedothistypeofdesigneverytimewechoseanitemfromacatalog.我们每次做这种类型的设计都要从目录中选一项。18Itmaysoundsimple,butifthecatalogcontainsmorethanafewitemsandtherearemanydifferentfeaturestotheitems,thentheproblemcanbequitecomplex.听起来简单,但是如果目录中包含多个项目而且某一项目有许多不同的特征,那么问题就很复杂了。19Paragraph6Tosolveaselectionproblemwemuststartwithaclearneed.为了解决好选择设计问题,必须一开始就有明晰的需求。Thecatalogorthelistofchoicestheneffectivelygeneratespotentialsolutionsfortheproblem.这样选项的目录或列表才能产生问题的可能解决方案。20Wemustevaluatethepotentialsolutionsversusourspecific(具体的)requirementstomaketherightchoice.我们必须评估潜在的解决方案和我们的具体需求,以做出正确的选择。21Aslightlymorecomplextypeofdesigniscalledconfigurationdesign.一个稍微复杂一点的设计类型称为配置设计。Inthistypeofproblem,allthecomponentshavebeendesignedandtheproblemishowtoassemblethemintothecompletedproduct.在这种设计中,所有的组成部分都已设计好,问题是如何将它们装配成一个完整的产品。ConfigurationDesign配置性设计Paragraph722Parametricdesign参数性设计Paragraph8Parametricdesigninvolvesfindingvaluesforthevariables(变量),orparameter(参数),thatcharacterizetheobjectbeingstudied.参数设计是找到一个表达研究物体特征的变量或参数。Thismayseemeasyenough:justfindsomevaluesthatfittheequations.这看起来非常容易,正像找到一个满足方程的值。23However,consideraverysimpleexample.但是让我们看一个很简单的例子。Wewanttodesignacylindricalstoragetankthatmusthold4m3ofliquid.我们设计一个容纳4m3液体的立式圆柱形储油罐。Thistankcanbedescribedbytheparametersr,itsradius,andl,itslength.这一个罐可以用参数r-半径和l-长度来描述。24Thusthevolumeisdeterminedby:V=π×r2×lGivenavolumeequalto4m3,t