瓦尔登湖Thoreau梭罗

HenryDavidThoreauHenryDavidThoreau(July12,1817–May6,1862)Americanessayist,poet,naturalist,philosopher,andleadingtranscendentalistContentsBiographicalIntroductionHisMajorWorksHisWritingStyleHisInfluenceintheWorldAppreciatingWaldenComparativeStudies:a.Thoreau&Emersonb.Thoreau’sIdea&ChineseTraditionalIdeasc.Thoreau&TaoyuanmingBiographicalIntroductionBirthplace:BorninConcord,Massachusettsin1817EducationExperience:studiedatHarvardUniversity(1833and1837).HisrelationshipwithEmerson:Emerson’struestdiscipleandfriends.ResidenceatWaldenPond:in1845,hebegantotakeatwo-year-residenceatWaldenPondThoreauwasaprotesteraswell.Disapprovedofthegovernment’sconductoftheMexicanWarbyrefusingtopayhispolltax（人头税.(wassenttojail1night).In1835,hecontractedTuberculosisandsufferedfromitafterwards.Hediedin1862andwasburiedinSleepyHollowCemetery.Continuing…Thatmanistherichestwhosepleasureisthecheapest.—HenryDavidThoreauThelessonhetaughthimself,andwhichhetriedtoteachothers,wassummedintheoneword“simplify”(simplifytheoutwardcircumstancesofyourlife,simplifyyourneedsandyourambitions,learntodelightinthesimplepleasureswhichtheworldofnatureaffords.Andunlikemostwhoadvocatesuchattitudes,heputthemintopractice.)MajorWorksMostfamousessay:Walden(1854)18partsEconomyWhereILived,andWhatILivedfor.ReadingSoundsSolitudeVisitors…SpringConclusionCivilDisobedience(1849)Anotherfamousessay:CivilDisobedience(1849)论公民的不服从thisisfromhisstayinginConcordjailforanightbecausehedisapprovedofslaveryandthegovernment’sconductoftheMexicanWarHisotherworksExcursion,1863TheMaineWoods,1864SlaveryinMassachusetts,1854ApleaforCaptainJohnBrown,1859Walking,1862AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRiver,1849HiswritingstyleHiswritingisphysical,intellectual,andspiritual.Heexpressesstarkrealityinstronglanguageandconveysdelicatedetailandsubtlenuance.Hisworkischaracterizedbothbydirectnessofstyleandbythesuggestionoffarthanappearsonthesurface.Headmireddirect,vigorous,succinct,andeconomicalprose.Throeau’sInfluenceintheWorldThoreau'swritingsinfluencedmanypublicfigures.PoliticalleadersandreformerslikeMahatmaGandhi,PresidentJohnF.Kennedy,civilrightsactivistMartinLutherKing,Jr.RussianauthorLeoTolstoyWilliamButlerYeats,ErnestHemingway,CriticalResponsesAmericanpoetRobertFrostwroteofThoreau,Inonebook...hesurpasseseverythingwehavehadinAmerica.PoetJohnGreenleafWhittiercriticizedwhatheperceivedasthemessageinWaldenthatmanshouldlowerhimselftothelevelofawoodchuck（美洲旱獭）andwalkonfourlegs.Hesaid:Thoreau'sWaldenisacapitalreading,butverywickedandheathenish...Afterall,forme,IpreferwalkingontwolegsFromMrLinYutang林雨堂先生在《论生活的重要性》中写道：“就其整个人生观来说,梭罗在美国作家中最具中国情趣.作为中国人，我感觉与梭罗心心相通。我可以将梭罗的文字译成中文，把它们当作中国诗人的诗作向国人展示。没有人会产生怀疑。”ThebeautifulWalden(Picture1)Walden(Picture2)ThebeautifulWalden(Picture3)Walden(Picture4)Waldenauthor·HenryDavidThoreautypeofwork·Essaygenre·Autobiography;moralphilosophy;naturalhistory;socialcriticismtimeandplacewritten·1845–1854,WaldenPond,nearConcord,Massachusettsdateoffirstpublication·1854narrator·HenryDavidThoreauWalden:descriptionofhislifenearthepondcalledWaldenbelongingtoEmerson.Theauthorlivedtherefornearlytwoyearswithonlyanaxeatthebeginning.Thisbookwasafailureinhisowntimebutbecameverypopularinthe20thcentury..WaldenpresentedThoreau'sunusualinterestinnatureandshowedhisindividualismwhichinheritedfromAmericanPuritanism.Thebookdescribedtheauthor'sextremelysimplelifeandregenerationheexperiencedwhenhelivedneartheWaldenpondwhereheputEmerson'sTranscendentaldoctrinesintopracticeintheactuallife.IntroductiontoWaldenItcameoutofThoreau’stwo-year-experimentatWaldenPond.Itstressestheimportanceofthoughtovermaterialcircumstance.Hebelievedthattherewasthepossibilityforandimportanceofchangeinone’sspirituallifewhichisinharmonywithnature.Waldenemphasizestheimportanceofsolitude,contemplation,andclosenesstonatureintranscendingthedesperateexistence.内容提要选篇摘自《沃尔登》中的第二篇文章“我生活的地方；我为何生活”。为了实践他的超验主义哲学，梭罗曾在马萨诸塞州康科德附近的沃尔登湖畔自建木屋，靠采集野菜、野果，自种豆类而维持生活长达两年之久。他在沃尔登湖畔的生活和思考使他得以完成两部最重要的著作：《在康科德与梅里马克河上一周》（AweekontheConcordandMerrimackRiver,1849）和《沃尔登》（Walden,1854）。《沃尔登》由18篇文章组成，记录了他所观察到的自然以及他建造木屋、耕种土地、招待朋友等生活情况。书中讴歌了人类与自然的和谐生活，倡导个人主义、自力更生、物质节俭。他试图将身体的物质需要缩小到最低限度，以便在读书、思考、观察自然与自我当中获得更大的精神财富和自由。他也呼吁人们过最简朴的生活，以便节约时间和精力来“过深层次的生活，吮吸出生活的精髓”。他努力发掘美国自然环境在人类教养、心灵塑造等方面的潜能，强调所有人都应该有充分的自由来选择独一无二的生活方式，将自己的生活做成诗、当作艺术。他向人们展示出闲暇、沉思、与大自然和谐共处等的种种益处，为美国自然作家的写作开了先河。在《沃尔登》的数篇文章中，梭罗对工作和闲暇的意义进行了颇有独创性的思考，并描述了自己在尽可能简朴地、自给自足地生活方面所做的实验，强调这项简朴生活的试验绝不是无所事事地与世隔绝。在这些文章中，梭罗描述了林中生活的细节：他与各种各样的小动物的接触；不同季节中树木与水的不同声音、气味和颜色；大风吹动电报线以及远方的火车汽笛所奏出的旋律等。梭罗在沃尔登湖畔日复一日的切身经历使该书有极大的真实感，而文章清晰、直截了当，但又不失文雅的风格，使《沃尔登》达到了文学经典作品的水平。赏析选篇分为两部分：第一部分描述了梭罗对于家园的总体态度和一般寻求，主要刻画了寻找家园的心理过程和精神满足；第二部分则具体描述梭罗在沃尔登湖畔的家园，以及这一家园与大自然的融合。他以“自然诗人”的敏感细腻，改变了通常以人为中心的思维模式，将大自然放到了最重要的地位。他用一个双关词“committed”告诉人们，要过自由、无拘无束“uncommitted”的生活.梭罗的创作表现出对于声音、意象、深层意义、词的细微差别等的高度敏感。他的写作风格乍看起来平铺直叙、直截了当，但实际上，各种巧妙的比喻、词源上的双关语、典故的运用、对传统谚语的灵活运用等使通常的意义发生了变化或者扭曲，使读者不得不对作品进行重新思考、重新评价。NarrativePointofViewThebookisnotatraditionalautobiography,butcombinesautobiographywithasocialcritiqueofcontemporaryWesternculture's