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LectureINon-finitecluasesasadverbialI.infinitiveclausesasadverbialII._ingclausesasadverbialIII._edclausesasadverbialI.InfinitiveclausesasadverbialNOTE:Allthesyntacticfunctionscanbefulfilledbyinfinitiveclausesexceptthatofthepredicate.Wheninfinitiveclausesperformthefunctionofadverbial,theycanfunctionasadverbialofpurpose,resultandcause.1.Infinitiveclausesasadverbialofpurpose1)Turnthevolumedownsoasnottoinfluencethenextdoorneighbour.2)Hestoodasidefortheladytoenter.3)Tostudywell,alotofpracticesareneeded.Tostudywell,youneedalotofpractices.foryoutostudywell,alotofpracticesareneeded.4)Forthistobebelievable,theASAhastobetotallyindependentofthebusiness.2.Infinitiveclauseasadverbialofresult1)neverto+v.Johnlefthishometown10yearsago,nevertoreturnagain.Weparted,nevertoseeeachother.2)onlyto+v.Hemadealongspeech,onlytoshowhisignoranceofthissubject.3)Duringallofthem,wehadbeendecidedlyuncomfortable,andweoftenkeptourthoughtsfromourachinglegsoremptystomachsbytryingtodevisetheidealexpeditiononwhichweshouldliveinlazyluxury,____findthemostbeautifulandexcitinganimalsintheworld.A.yetB.onlytoC.notto3)so…asto,suchasto,…enoughtotoo…toHerstoryissuchastoarouseyoursympathy.Hisindifferenceissuchastomakeeverydespair.3.InfinitiveclauseasadverbialofcauseI’mdelightedtoknowthatyouhavegotabetterpaidjob.II._ingalsusesasadverbial1.Thelogicalsubjectofan–ingadverbialclauseisidenticalwiththesubjectNPofthemainfiniteclause2.The–ingphrasedenoteanactivesense.3.Anadverbial–ingclausemaysometimesbeintroducedbyasubordinator.A.Ridinginthestreetduringtherushhours,youmustbecareful.--Whenyourideinthestreetduringtherushhours,youmustbecareful.B.(If)goingtherebyplane,we’llpaytwiceasmuch.--Ifwegotherebyplane,we’llpaytwiceasmuch.C.Inthe1850’sHarrietBeecherStowe’sUncleTom’sCabinbecamethebestsellerofthegeneration,___ahostofimitators.A.inspiringB.inspiredC.inspiredbyD.toinspireThegeneralrulesforthepresentparticipleasanadverbial:1.–ingadverbial----morecommoninliterary,especiallydescriptivelanguage.InspokenorinformalEnglishthesameideaismoreoftenexpressedbyasentencecontaininganadverbialclause,orbyonecontainingaco-ordinatepredicate,orbytwoseparatesentences.Eg1)Thefellowwiththemachineturnedtohisfriendandgravelygavehimasaluteofgratitudeandfellowship.2Theparticiplemustberelatedtothesubject(NP)ofthesentence.1)Frowning,shepulledhercoatcloserandshrugged.2)*Speakingbeforeacrowdofpeopleforthefirsttime,mykneesshook.(right)Speakingbeforeacrowdofpeopleforthefirsttime,Ifeltsonervousthatmykneesshook.Conversionbetweenan–ingadverbialandafiniteclauseNotknowinghisaddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithhim.(1)Establishingthelogicalsubject(np)ofthe–ingclausewenotknowcouldn’tgetintouch(2)Establishingthefinitevp(tense,voice)Notknowingwedidn’tknow…(3)EstablishingtheconnectivewordSincewedidn’tknowhisaddress,we…Moreexamples1.Walkingbystores,hethoughtofbuyinghismotherasmallgift.2.Skatingbackward,hecouldseeTomcomingupbehind.3.Nothavingreceivedanyregulartraining,shecouldhardlycopewiththetaskatfirst.4.Ignoringherrudeness,IrepliedthatIhadcometohelpthem.5.Theyoungman,pickinguphisthings,walkedoffdowntheroad.Conversionbetweenafiniteclauseandan–ingclause1.Hestoodthereforhalfanhourandwatchedthegame.--Hestoodthereforhalfanhour,watchingthegame.Note1:Theparticipleusuallyexpressesalessimportantaction,whereasthemainactionisusuallyexpressedbythemainverb.2.ASIlivesofarfromtowns,Irarelyhavevisitors.---Livingsofarfromtowns,Irarelyhavevisitors.3.WhileIwasnotoptimistic,Ihavenotgivenupallhope.---Notbeingoptimistic,Ihavenotgivenupallhope.Note2:Aclauseisusuallychangedintoan–ingnon-finiteclause.4.Johnisalwaysintense,whetherheisworkingorplaying.---Johnisalwaysintense,whetherplayingorworking.Note3:Sometimesaconnectivewordisusedbeforean–ingnon-finiteclausetobringoutclarity.5.Thebusstoppedsuddenly.Itcausedthedelay.---Thebusstoppedsuddenly,thuscausingthedelay.6.Itrainedfortwoweeksonend.Theraincompletelyruinedourholiday.---Itrainedfortwoweeksonend,completelyruinedourholiday.Note4:An–ingnon-finiteclausedenotingresultisusuallyafterthefinitemainclause.7.Ifwetravelbytrain,wewon’tgetthereontime.---(If)travelingbytrain,we…---We…,iftravelingbytrain.8.ThoughheknewEnglish,hestillattendedthecourse.---ThoughknowingEnglish,he…---He…,thoughknowingEnglish.Note5:Connectivewordsof“though”,“if”mustbeusedwhentheyareusedtointroduceconditionals,orconcession–ingclausesafterthefinitemainfiniteclause.9.Thespectatorsleapedtotheirfeetandranoutrapidly.---*Runningoutrapidly,thespectatorsleapedtotheirfeet.---Leapingtotheirfeet,thespectatorsranoutrapidly.Note6:Ifan–ingclauseispositionedbeforethefinitemainclause,this–ingclausedenotesanearlieraction.9.Heopenedthedrawerandtookoutanoldphoto.Openingthedrawer,hetookoutanoldphoto.10.Sincehefailedtwice,hedidn’twanttotryagain.---*Failingtwice,hedidn’twanttotryagain.---Havingfailedtwice,he…Note7:Theperfectformisrequirediftheactionexpressedbythe–ingclauseisobviouslymuchearlier.III._edclausesasadverbial1.Thelogicalsubjectofan–edadverbialclauseisidenticalwiththesubjectNPofthemainfiniteclause2.The–edphrasedenoteapassivesense.3.