中国城市绅士化:过程、效应及规划应对中国城市绅士化:过程、效应及规划应对Chi’GtifitiChi’GtifitiChina’sGentrificationChina’sGentrification::Process,EffectsandPlanningreplyProcess,EffectsandPlanningreply朱喜钢朱喜钢朱喜钢朱喜钢ZhuXigangZhuXigangZhuXigangZhuXigangTheCenterofSinoTheCenterofSino--EUUrbanStudyEUUrbanStudy,,NanjingUniversity,P.R.C.NanjingUniversity,P.R.C.zhuxigang522@hotmail.comzhuxigang522@hotmail.com提纲提纲OutlineOutline‧城市绅士化运动的国际背景IttilbkdftifitiIttilbkdftifitiInternationalbackgroundsofgentrificationInternationalbackgroundsofgentrification‧中美城市绅士化的特征对比CibttifitiiCibttifitiiAidChiAidChiComparisonsbetweengentrificationinComparisonsbetweengentrificationinAmericaandChinaAmericaandChina‧中国城市绅士化的社会机理SocialmechanismofChina’sgentrificationSocialmechanismofChina’sgentrification‧中国绅士化的社会空间效应中国绅士化的社会空间效应中国绅士化的社会空间效应中国绅士化的社会空间效应SocialSocial--spatialeffectsofChina’sgentrificationspatialeffectsofChina’sgentrification案例探讨案例探讨南京南京‧案例探讨案例探讨————南京南京CaseStudyCaseStudy––NanjingNanjing中国绅士化的空间管制与规划应对中国绅士化的空间管制与规划应对‧中国绅士化的空间管制与规划应对中国绅士化的空间管制与规划应对PlanningreplyPlanningreplyandspatialcontrolandspatialcontrolofGentrificationofGentrification11..绅士化背景绅士化背景InternationalbackgroundsofgentrificationInternationalbackgroundsofgentrification‧‧2020世纪七、八十年代,西方发达国家在经世纪七、八十年代,西方发达国家在经历郊区化的扩散高潮之后,呈现出新的社会历郊区化的扩散高潮之后,呈现出新的社会现象:收入相对富裕者替换原有低收入群体现象:收入相对富裕者替换原有低收入群体,对城市中心衰败的邻里进行社会阶层重构,对城市中心衰败的邻里进行社会阶层重构西方学者将此现象称为“绅士化”(又称西方学者将此现象称为“绅士化”(又称,西方学者将此现象称为绅士化(又称,西方学者将此现象称为绅士化(又称中产阶级化)。中产阶级化)。‧‧Aftertheclimaxofsuburbanization,thereAftertheclimaxofsuburbanization,thereappearedanewsocialphenomenoninappearedanewsocialphenomenoninOccidentin1970s:higherOccidentin1970s:higherincomepeopleincomepeopleOccidentin1970s:higherOccidentin1970s:higher--incomepeopleincomepeoplereplacedthepoorandreconstructedthereplacedthepoorandreconstructedthedeclinedneighborhoodsindowntown,whichdeclinedneighborhoodsindowntown,whichiscalledgentrification.iscalledgentrification.‧‧绅士化已经成为一个国际性问题:北美绅士化已经成为一个国际性问题:北美7070%的大城市经历了绅士%的大城市经历了绅士化;欧洲的英、法、德等国家的绅士化已经有化;欧洲的英、法、德等国家的绅士化已经有3030多年的历史;一多年的历史;一化;欧洲的英、法、德等国家的绅化已经有化;欧洲的英、法、德等国家的绅化已经有多年的历史;多年的历史;些新兴国家些新兴国家((包括南美、以色列、南非、土耳其等包括南美、以色列、南非、土耳其等))大城市也不大城市也不同程度出现了绅士化特征。在全球化与快速城市化的背景下,绅同程度出现了绅士化特征。在全球化与快速城市化的背景下,绅士化现象在中国经出现并且有日益加速的趋势有关这城士化现象在中国经出现并且有日益加速的趋势有关这城士化现象在中国已经出现,并且有日益加速的趋势,有关这一城士化现象在中国已经出现,并且有日益加速的趋势,有关这一城市社会空间激烈重组运动的研究也备受关注。市社会空间激烈重组运动的研究也备受关注。‧‧Gentrificationhasbeenaninternationalissue70%ofGentrificationhasbeenaninternationalissue70%ofGentrificationhasbeenaninternationalissue.70%ofGentrificationhasbeenaninternationalissue.70%ofbigcitiesinNorthAmericahaveundergoneit;somebigcitiesinNorthAmericahaveundergoneit;someEuropeancountriessuchasBritain,FranceandGermany,EuropeancountriessuchasBritain,FranceandGermany,EuropeancountriessuchasBritain,FranceandGermany,EuropeancountriessuchasBritain,FranceandGermany,begantoresearchonit30yearsago;evensomebegantoresearchonit30yearsago;evensomedevelopingcountriesareexperiencinggentrification.developingcountriesareexperiencinggentrification.GentrificationalreadyappearsinChina,withthetrendGentrificationalreadyappearsinChina,withthetrendofaccelerateddevelopment.ofaccelerateddevelopment.(1)(1)绅绅士化概念士化概念ConceptsofgentrificationConceptsofgentrification‧‧绅士化的概念昀早由绅士化的概念昀早由GlassGlass((19641964)提出:)提出:绅士化的概念昀早由绅士化的概念昀早由GlassGlass((19641964)提出:)提出:‧‧ItwasGlass(1964)whoproposedtheconceptofgentrificationfortheItwasGlass(1964)whoproposedtheconceptofgentrificationforthefirsttime:firsttime:““GentrificationreferstoaprocessofclasssuccessionandGentrificationreferstoaprocessofclasssuccessionandfirsttime:firsttime:GentrificationreferstoaprocessofclasssuccessionandGentrificationreferstoaprocessofclasssuccessionanddisplacementinareasbroadlycharacterizedbyworkingdisplacementinareasbroadlycharacterizedbyworking--classandclassandunskilledhouseholdsunskilledhouseholds..””‧‧比较有代表性的是比较有代表性的是Smith&WilliamsSmith&Williams((19861986)的定义:)的定义:‧‧ThtbhtfdbSithdWilliThtbhtfdbSithdWilli‧‧TheconceptbroughtforwardbySmithandWilliamsTheconceptbroughtforwardbySmithandWilliams(1986)ismorerepresentative:(1986)ismorerepresentative:““TherehabilitationTherehabilitationofofworkingworking--classandderelicthousingandtheclassandderelicthousingandtheconsequentconsequenttransformationofanareaintoatransformationofanareaintoamiddlemiddle--classneighborhoodclassneighborhood..””‧‧Kennedy&LeonardKennedy&Leonard((20012001)总结认为:)总结认为:绅士化主要包括:绅士化主要包括:绅士化主要包括:绅士化主要包括:邻外的高收入者替代邻内的低收入者邻外的高收入者替代邻内的低收入者⑴⑴邻里外的高收入者替代邻里内的低收入者;邻里外的高收入者替代邻里内的低收入者;⑵⑵邻里物质条件得到改善;邻里物质条件得到改善;⑶⑶邻里特征发生了转变。邻里特征发生了转变。‧‧KennedyandLeonardo(2001)summarizedgentrificationasKennedyandLeonardo(2001)summarizedgentrificationasfllfllfollow:follow:aa..displacementof“workingdisplacementof“working--classandderelicthousing”byclassandderelicthousing”by“middle“middle--classneighborhoods”classneighborhoods”bb..thematerialimprovementintheneighborhoodsthematerialimprovementintheneighborhoodscc..thetransformationofcharacteristicsintheneighborhoodsthetransformationofcharacteristicsintheneighborhoods(2)(2)西方学者关于绅士化的认识西方学者关于绅士化的认识从城市绅士化的发展过程看有些重要的现象特别值得关注从城市绅士化的发展过程