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IntroductionIntroductoryQuestions1.Whatisthegeneralmeaningoftheword“culture”?2.Whatdoestheword“culture”meantothosewhostudyhumankind?3.Howdowelearnthewaysofourculture?4.Whatleadstotheculturaldifferences?5.Doyouagreewiththeideathatwhatisbeautifuldiffersfromoneculturetoanother?Ifyes,canyougivesomeexamples?OutlineTheconceptofculturea.anentirewayoflifeofasociety,orofapeopleb.learnedbehaviorratherthaninstinctivebehaviorc.differentcultureswithdifferentpatternsoflifeThediversityofculturea.viewstowardsdifferentculturesb.ideasofwhatisbeautifulindifferentculturesc.waysoftreatingdeadbodiesindifferentcultureConclusion:Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysoflife,whichareneitherrightnorwrong,foritissimplythatdifferentpeopledothesamethingsindifferentways.Paras.1-4Paras.5-7Para8Theword“culture”hasmanydifferentmeanings.Forexample,wesometimessaythatpeoplewhoknowaboutart,music,andliteraturearecultured.However,thewordculturehasadifferentmeaningforanthropologists(peoplewhostudyhumankind).Toananthropologistthewordculturemeansallthewaysinwhichagroupofpeopleact,dress,think,andfeel.Peoplehavetolearntheculturalwaysoftheircommunity:theyarenotsomethingthatthepeopleinthegrouparebornwith.Para1Para2Instinctivebehaviour,ontheotherhand,isapatternofbehaviourthatananimalisbornwith.Spidersspinningtheirwebsisanexampleofinstinctivebehaviour.Themotherspiderdoesnotteachherbabieshowtospinwebs.(Infact,sheisnoteventherewhentheyareborn.)Theyknowhowtodoitwhentheyareborn.Thisiswhatwemeanbyinstinctivebehaviour.Para3Ashumans,welearnsomeofthewaysofourculturebybeingtaughtbyourteachersorparents.Welearnmoreofthewaysofourculturebygrowingupinit.Weseehowotherpeopleinourculturedothings,andwedothemthesameway.Weevenlearnhowtothinkandfeelinthisway.Para4Allhumanbeingshavecertainbasicneeds,suchaseating,drinking,keepingwarmanddry.However,thewayinwhichtheytakecareoftheseneedsdependsonthecultureinwhichtheygrowup.Allcultureshavewaysofeating,drinking,dressing,findingshelter,marrying,anddealingwithdeath.Thefoodsthatwethinkaregoodtoeat,thekindsofclotheswewear,andhowmanypeoplewecanmarryatonetimeareallpartsofourculture.Para5Ourowncultureseemsverynaturaltous.Wefeelinourheartsthatthewaythatwedothingsistheonlyrightwaytodothem.Otherpeople’sculturesoftenmakeuslaughorfeeldisgustedorshocked.Wemaylaughatclothingthatseemsridiculoustous.Manypeoplethinkthateatingoctopusorajuicyredpieceofroastbeefisdisgusting.Theideathatamancanhavemorethanonewifeorthatbrothersandsisterscanmarryeachothermayshockothercultures.Para6Ideasofwhatisbeautifuldifferfromoneculturetoanother.TheFlatheadIndiansofNorthAmericausedtobindtheheadsofbabiesbetweenboardssotheywouldhavelongslopingforeheads.IntheFlatheadculture,longslopingforeheadswerebeautiful.Otherculturesmightthinkthattheyarestrange-lookingandunattractive.Manypeoplecutscarsintotheirbodiesortattoothemselvessothatothersintheirculturewillthinktheyarebeautiful.Objectsareinsertedinholesinthenose,lips,andearsinanumberofdifferentcultures.Inmanytwentieth-centurysocieties,rouge,lipstick,eyeshadow,perfume,andhairsprayareallusedtoincreaseattractiveness.Whenpeopledie,differentculturesdisposeoftheirbodiesindifferentways.Sometimesbodiesareburned.Sometimesbodiesareburiedintheground.Inmanyculturesinthepast,peoplewereburiedwithfood,weapons,jewellery,andotherthingsthatmightbeusefulinthenextlife.Forexample,theancientEgyptiansburiedpeoplewithlittlehumanfiguresmadefromclay.Theseclayfiguresweresupposedtoworkforthedeadpersonintheotherworld.AreligiousgroupcalledtheParsesexposedtheirdeadonplatformsforbirdstoeat.Somepeoplepracticeasecondburial.Afterthebodieshavebeenintheearthforseveralyears,thebonesaredugupandreburied,sometimesinasmallcontainer.Para7Para8Thesearejustafewofthemanydifferentcustomsthatarefoundindifferentcultures.Mostofthetime,thedifferentwaysthatarethecustomsofdifferentculturesareneitherrightnorwrong.Itissimplythatdifferentpeopledothesamethingsindifferentways.SummaryoftheTextCultureisnotanythingthatpeopleinagrouparebornwith,butsomethingtheylearneitherbybeingtaughtorbygrowingupinit.Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysofeating,drinking,dressing,findingshelter,marryinganddealingwithdeath.Ourowncultureseemsnaturaltouswhileotherculturesmaythinkitfunny,strangeorevendisgusting.However,thishasnothingtodowithrightorwrong.何为文化？第一段“文化”这个词有许多不同含义。例如，有时侯我们说懂得艺术、音乐、文学的人是有文化的人。然而，文化这个词对于人类学家（研究人类的人）来说则具有不同的意思。在他们看来“文化”这个词是指某一群体人们的活动、穿着、思维、和感觉的一切方式。人们得学会他们所在群体的文化方式，这种方式不是与生俱来的。第二段相反，本能行为是动物生来就有的行为模式。蜘蛛织网就是本能行为的例子。母蜘蛛并不教小蜘蛛织网（实际上，小蜘蛛出生时母蜘蛛甚至不在场）。它们一出生就知道怎么织网。这就是我们所说的本能行为。第三段作为人类，我们受教于我们的老师和父母，学会了我们文化中的某些方式。我们在这种文化中长大，学到了我们文化中更多的方式。我们看到我们文化中的其他人怎样行事，我们便用同样的方式行事。我们甚至学会用这一方式来思维和感觉。第四段所有的人都有某些基本的需要，例如吃、喝、保暖和保持干燥等。然而，我们满足这些需要的方式取决于我们成长于其中的文化。所有的文化都有其吃、喝、穿戴、居住、婚嫁和办理丧事的方式。认为什么东西好吃，穿什么样式的衣服，以及同时能和多少人结婚等都是我们文化的组成部分。第五段我们对于自己的文化似乎是习以为常。我们从内心感到，我们行事的方式是惟一恰当的。其他文化常常使我们发笑、感到厌恶或震惊。我们可能会嘲笑在我们看来似乎是可笑的衣着。许多人认为吃章鱼或吃一片带血汁的烤牛肉是件很恶心的事。一个男子可以有不止一个妻子或兄弟姐妹也可以通婚的观念会使其他文化的人不胜惊讶。第六段对于什么是美，人们的观念因文化而异。过去，北美的扁头印第安人常常把婴儿的头夹在木板中间，让他们的前额长得长而倾斜。扁头人文化中，长而倾斜的前额是美的。其他文化的人可能会认为他们看上去很怪、很不讨人喜欢。许多人在身上刻画疤痕或文身，为的是使他们那个文化里的其他人认为他们很美。在