3-Roman Culture 罗马文化

AnIntroductiontoEuropeanCultureDivisionII:RomanCultureRomanHistory---TheAncientAccordingtolegend,RomewasfoundedonApril21,753BCbytwinbrothersdescendedfromtheTrojanprinceAeneas.RomulusandRemusarethegrandsonsoftheLatinKing,NumitorofAlbaLonga.TheKingwasejectedfromhisthronebyhiscruelbrotherAmuliuswhileNumitor'sdaughter,RheaSilvia,gavebirth.RheaSilviawasaVestalVirginwhowasrapedbyMars,makingthetwinshalf-divine.ThenewkingfearedthatRomulusandRemuswouldtakebackthethrone,sotheyweretobedrowned.Ashe-wolf(orashepherd'swifeinsomeaccounts)savedandraisedthem,andwhentheywereoldenough,theyreturnedthethroneofAlbaLongatoNumitor.MarsAndRheaSilvia-PeterPaulRubensThetwinsthenfoundedtheirowncity,butRomuluskilledRemusinaquarreloverwhichoneofthemwastoreignastheKingofRome,thoughsomesourcesstatethequarrelwasaboutwhowasgoingtogivetheirnametothecity.Romulusbecamethesourceofthecity'sname.Asthecitywasbereftofwomen,legendsaysthattheLatinsinvitedtheSabinestoafestivalandstoletheirunmarriedmaidens,leadingtotheintegrationoftheLatinsandtheSabinesRomuluskilledRemusAccordingtolegend,Romewasfoundedin753BCbyRomulusandRemus,whowereraisedbyashe-wolf.RomanHistory---TheRepublicTheRomanRepublicwasestablishedaround509BC,accordingtolaterwriterssuchasLivy,whenthelastofthesevenkingsofRome,TarquintheProud,wasdeposed,andasystembasedonannuallyelectedmagistratesandvariousrepresentativeassemblieswasestablished.Aconstitutionsetaseriesofchecksandbalances,andaseparationofpowers.Themostimportantmagistrateswerethetwoconsuls(保民官),whotogetherexercisedexecutiveauthorityintheformofemporium,ormilitarycommand.Theconsulshadtoworkwiththesenate(元老院),whichwasinitiallyanadvisorycounciloftherankingnobility,orpatricians(贵族),butgrewinsizeandpowerovertime.OthermagistraciesintheRepublicincludepraetors(司法官),aediles(市政官),andquaestors(度支官).Themagistracieswereoriginallyrestrictedtopatricians,butwerelateropenedtocommonpeople,orplebeians(平民).Republicanvotingassembliesincludedthecomitiacenturiata(centuriateassembly)(平民会议),whichvotedonmattersofwarandpeaceandelectedmentothemostimportantoffices,andthecomitiatributa(tribalassembly),whichelectedlessimportantoffices.ThemapofextentoftheRomanEmpireRomanHistory---ImportantDates753B.C.TheCityRomewasbuilt.510B.C.TheRomansexpelledtheEtruscankingfromRomeandfoundedtheRepublic.264B.C.RomanconqueredallItaly.146B.C.RomanconqueredGreece.27B.C.OctaviusbecametheemperorofAugustus.Later,RomanEmpirereacheditsgreatest.260RomanwasdefeatedbyPersians.284RomanEmpirewasdividedintotheEastandtheWest.3rdCTheEmpirebegantodecline.330A.D.TheemperorConstantinemovedtheCapitalRometoByzantiumandrenameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul).392A.D.EmperorTheodosiusmadeChristianitytheofficialreligion.476A.D.TheendofWestRomanEmpire.1453TheendofEastRomanEmpire.RomansandGreeksThecommonthings:Inpolitics----Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizenassembly,hostiletomonarchyandtoservility.Inreligions---Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentified---GreekZeuswithRomanJupiter,GreekAphroditewithRomanVenus,andsoon---andtheirmythstobefused.Inlanguages---Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarways,andwereultimatelyrelated,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.RomansandGreeksThedifference:TheRomansbuiltupavastempire;theGreeksdidn‘t.ExceptforthebriefmomentofAlexander‘sconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.RomanLawTherootsofthelegalprinciplesandpracticesoftheancientRomansmaybetracedtothelawofthetwelvetables(from449BC)tothecodificationofEmperorJustinianI(around530AD).RomanlawaspreservedinJustinian'scodescontinuedintotheByzantineEmpire,andformedthebasisofsimilarcodificationsincontinentalWesternEurope.Romanlawcontinued,inabroadersense,tobeappliedthroughoutmostofEuropeuntiltheendofthe17thcentury.ThemajordivisionsofthelawofancientRome,ascontainedwithintheJustinianandTheodosianlawcodes,consistedofIusCivile,IusGentium,andIusNaturale.TheIusCivile(Citizenlaw)wasthebodyofcommonlawsthatappliedtoRomancitizens.ThePraetoresUrbani(sg.PraetorUrbanus)weretheindividualswhohadjurisdictionovercasesinvolvingcitizens.TheIusGentium(Lawofnations)wasthebodyofcommonlawsthatappliedtoforeigners,andtheirdealingswithRomancitizens.hePraetoresPeregrini(sg.PraetorPeregrinus)weretheindividualswhohadjurisdictionovercasesinvolvingcitizensandforeigners.IusNaturaleencompassednaturallaw,thebodyoflawsthatwereconsideredcommontoallbeing.LatinLiteratureA.ProseMarcusTulliusCicero(106—43B.C.)HeplayedanimportantroleintheRomansenateandnotedforhisoratoryandfinewritingstyle.HislegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction.Ciceronian—eloquent,oratoricalmannerofwritingJuliusCaesar(102/100?–44B.C.)ageneral,dictator,assassinated.Herecordedwhathedidandsawinthevariousmilitarycampaigns.Thesewritings,collectedinhisCommentaries,aremodelsofsuccinctLatin.Heuselanguagewitheconomyandferocity“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.”B.PoetryLucretius(93—50B.C.)HewrotethephilosophicalpoemOntheNatureofThingsVirgil(70—19B.C.)ThegreatestofLatinpoets,wrotethegreatepic,theAeniedArchitectureTheRomanswereparticularlyrenownedfortheirarchitecture,whichisg