水利水电工程专业英语——水利工程施工篇

水利水电工程专业英语——水利工程施工篇1.Concrete-FacedRockfillDams’PlinthConstruction1.混凝土面板堆石坝的趾板施工EssentiallytwotypesofplinthgeometryhavebeenusedbytheCommissionnamely:(1)withtheapronmadehorizontalinadirectionnormaltotheplinthline;(2)withtheapronmadehorizontalinadirectionnormaltothedamaxis.FollowingCethana,plinthsofthesecondtypehavebeenadoptedtominimizeexcavation,especiallyindeepterrain.However,thegainsthusachievedhavenotbeenwithoutsomecompensatinglosses.Veryawkwardapronsurfacesresult,whichdonotfacilitateahighlymechanizedapproachtothelateroperationsofforming,concreting,drillingandgrouting.IntheCommission’ssituationthishasreducedtheirappealtothepointwhererevertingtotheoriginaldesignisbeingseriouslyconsidered.委员会中应用了两种基本类型的趾板几何形状，即：（1）带有与趾板线垂直的水平型护坦；（2）带有与坝轴线垂直的水平型护坦。下面的塞沙那坝中，应用了第二种类型以尽量减少开挖，特别是在深层地形中。然而，这样取得的成就并非没有一些补偿损失。很尴尬的护坦表面导致了混凝土浇筑、钻孔和灌浆，而这不利于一个高度机械化的方法随后的立模操作。从委员会的处境来说，这已经将它们的应用降低到了开始认真考虑恢复原始设计的那点。AtCethanatheplinthwasconstructedfromtherockfillasthedamwasraised.Subsequentlythisprocedurehasbeenavoidedbecauseoftheprogrammerestraintsitimposes.Inrelativelynarrowvalleyswithworkingspacelimited,whereclimaticconditionscanaffecttherateofprogressandwhereanunforeseenfoundationproblemcanhaveamajorinfluenceonprogrammewehavethoughtitdesirabletoprovideaccessfromupstream.在塞沙那坝中趾板是随着大坝的抬升而用堆石修建。由于它所施加的程序限制，随后这个过程被避免使用。在工作空间有限的相对狭窄河谷，在那里气候条件能够影响进度速率且一个不可预见的基础问题可能对计划有重大的影响，我们认为这须要从上游提供入口。1.1Plinthexcavation1.1趾板开挖Whereroadaccessisavailableorwhereabutmentsarenosteeperthanapproximately30degrees,excavationistypicallydonewithtrackedearthmovingequipment,especiallyhydraulicexcavators.Wheredrillingandblastingisnecessary,crawlermountedpercussiondrillsbothpneumaticandhydraulic,areused.Theuseofexplosivesmustbecarefullycontrolledifdamagetotheplinthfoundationistobeavoided.在有道路入口或坝肩不陡于30度的地方，挖掘的典型做法是使用轨道土方开挖设备，特别是液压挖掘机。在必须钻井和爆破的地方，要使用气动或液压式履带式冲击钻机。如果要避免对趾板基础的损害，就必须严格控制爆破的使用。Insteepersectionsmethodsarelimitedtomanuallabourwithjackhammers,shovelsandpicks,andwherepossiblesmallcranehandledhydraulicexcavators(mass5tonne).在较深的地方方法被限定为用手提钻、铁锹和镐的手工劳力，在可能的地方可用到小型吊车操纵的液压挖掘机（质量5吨）。Finalcleanupisusuallytoastandardsuchthatthesurfacedirectlyundertheplinthisentirelyfreeofdirtorloosematerial.Foradistanceof3metersdownstreamoftheplinththesurfaceisnormallyscrapedusingasmallhydraulicexcavatorwithasmoothedgebucket.Faultsandjointsarechasedoutusuallytoadepthequaltotheirwidthandthenbackfilledwithconcrete.Wherejointsextendthroughtheplinth,thistreatmentiscontinuedtothepointwherethejointisclosed.Suchfeaturesarethencoveredwithfiltermaterialduringrockplacing.Geologicalmappingiscarriedoutaftercleanupandfinalassessmentisthenmadeofanyadjustmentstothepositionorincreaseinthenumberofconsolidationgroutholesthoughtdesirable.最后的清理要达到趾板下表面要完全没有污垢或松散材料的标准。在趾板表面下游3米远的地方通常用带有光滑边缘挖斗的液压挖掘机刮平。断层和接缝通常被挖成与其宽度相等的深度，并用混凝土回填。在接缝延伸贯穿趾板的地方，这种处理要延续到接缝闭合的地方。这种特性随后在堆石过程中用过滤材料覆盖。清理后开展测绘，随后根据位置进行最终评估的任意调整或增加认为可取的固结灌浆孔数量。Compressedairwithsomewaterintroducedatthenozzleisthepreferredtoolforcleanupalthoughinsomeinstancesaveryhighpressurewatercleanerhasbeenusedtogoodadvantage.尽管在一些情况下非常高的高压水清洁器已有很好的应用优势，但在喷嘴处引入一些水的压缩空气是清理的优选的工具。1.2Plinthconcrete1.2趾板混凝土Becauseplinthstendtoproduceapronsurfaceswithaseverecrossfall(inadditiontothenormalslope),winch-controlledmobileequipmentisnotgenerallyapracticalproposition.Consequentlymanualandcranebasedtechniqueshavepredominated.因为趾板往往产生有严重横坡的护坦表面（在正常坡度之外），因此实践中一般不建议使用绞车控制的移动设备。由此以基于技术的手工和起重机方法为主。Typicallydowelling(whereoutofreachoftrackdrills)isdonewithjackhammers,whileboxingisamixofcranehandledsteelforms(especiallythe”apex”oftheplinthwhichcontainsthewaterstops),cranehandled“soldier”assembliestosupportapronshuttering,andbuiltinplacetimber.Reinforcementistiedinplaceandconcreteusuallydeliveredbycraneandbucket.典型的用销接合（轨道钻不能到达的地方）使用手工钻完成，而立模是起重机控制钢模板的组合（尤其是其中包含了止水带的趾板的“顶点”），起重机控制“士兵”组件以支撑护坦模板，以及就位安装木材。就位捆绑钢筋并通常用起重机和铲斗输送混凝土。Fortheearlierdamscopperwasthematerialpreferredfortheprimarywaterstop,withoxy-acetylenebrazingusedforjointing,andextrudednaturalrubberwasusedforthesecondarywaterstop.However,forthePiemanDevelopment,stainlessina“W”shapeandcontinuousmouldedHypalonrubberweresubstituted.Fromtheconstructionviewpointthesearebothexcellentmaterials.Stainlesssteelintheprofileusedisveryrigidbutstilllightenoughtomanhandlein10meterlengths.Twostepswereusedinthejointingprocessbutneitherstepisdifficulttodointhefield.ThefirststepistoachieveclosecontactbetweenthepartsbyusingaspotwelderafterwhichthelapissealedusingaportableTIGwelder.TheHypalonisreadilyjointedbyvulcanising.对于早期大坝紫铜是优选的主止水材料，使用氧炔铜焊焊接，挤制的天然橡胶被用于次止水。然而，对于皮艾曼坝，“W”形的不锈钢和连续性聚乙烯合成橡胶模制被取代。从施工角度这些都是优质材料。型材中不锈钢的应用非常严格，但是仍然足够轻可以人工操作10米长的钢筋。焊接过程中用到了两步，但是两者都很难在现场进行。第一步是在用便携式TIG焊机密封交合处之后，用点焊机实现部件之间的紧密接合。聚乙烯合成橡胶通过硫化很容易接合。2.DetailsofSeveralDiversionTunnels2.一些导流洞的详细信息TheinitialdiametersofthediversiontunnelsofthePrangana,CethanaandDevilsGateschemesweredifferentwhenchosenindependently.However,afterfurtherdesignstudyandadjustmentoftunnelandcofferdamlevels,overalltotaleconomywasobtainedbyadoptingalineddiameterof6.6mforthethreetunnels.普兰加纳坝、塞沙那坝和德威尔斯坝的