Chapter-7Conversational-Implicature

整理文档很辛苦,赏杯茶钱您下走!

免费阅读已结束,点击下载阅读编辑剩下 ...

阅读已结束,您可以下载文档离线阅读编辑

资源描述

Chapter4ConversationalImplicature(会话含义)What’simplicature?•Itissomethingwhichisimpliedinaconversation(Akindofextrameaning).Thatis,somethingwhichisimplicitinactuallanguageuse.4.2CooperativePrinciple•GriceintroducesCooperativePrinciple(CP)inhisbookLogicandConversation《逻辑与会话》in1975•在格赖斯看来,要使交谈顺利进行,就要求交谈参与者共同遵守一般原则,即在参与交谈时,要使你说的话符合你所参与交谈的公认目的和方向。Withinthisprinciple,Gricesuggestsfoursub-principlesormaxims:CPMaximofQuantity(量的原则)MaximofQuality(质的原则)MaximofRelation(关系原则)MaximofManner(方式原则)•但在现实交际中,人们出于种种原因,并不都严格地遵守合作原则及其相关准则.因而就产生了会话含义。FloutingtheMaximofquality(说自知是虚假的话;说缺乏足够证据的话)•Manyfiguresofspeechlikeirony,metaphor,hyperbole,rhetoricalquestionsandetc.belongtothiskindofflouting.eg:Heismadeofiron.(metaphor)Womenaretigers.•Theobviousfalsestatement:nohumanbeingsaremadeofiron.Nowomenaretigers.•Itsimplicatureishehascharacteristicslikeironlikehardness,non-flexibility,durability.FloutingtheMaximofQuantity(所说的话没有包含当前交谈目的所需要地信息;所说地话包含多于需要地信息.)•eg1:•A:Wheredoyoulive?•B:Somewhereintheearth.•eg2:•Girlsaregirls.•Ifhecomes,hecomes(tautology赘述).FloutingtheMaximofRelation(所说地话与话题无关联.)eg:A:I'moutofpetrolB:Thereisagarageroundthecorner.•BwouldbeinfringingthemaximBerelevantunlesshethinksitpossible,thatthegarageisopenandhaspetrolforsaleFloutingtheMaximofManner(所说的话晦涩、有歧义、不简练、没有条理)•A:Shallwegetsomethingforthekids?•B:Yes.ButIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.•Inthisexample,thewordscanonlybesaidwhenitisknowntobothAandBhasnodifficultyinpronouncingthewordicecream.Inthatcase,AwillknowthatBspellsthewordoutinordernottopromptthekids.从《泰坦尼克号》中看会话原则的违反(Floutingthemaximofquantity)Cal:We'llbothhavethelamb.Rare,withverylittlemintsause.Youlikelamb,right,sweetpea?Rose:Sausage?(Floutingthemaximofquality)Cal:IhadhopedyouwouldcometomelastnightRose:Iwastired~~~I'myourfianceeCal:Myfiancee!Mywifeinpractice,ifnotyetbylaw.Soyouwillhonorme~~~(Floutingthemaximofrelation)为了感谢男主人公杰克的救命之恩,罗丝找到他并表达了感谢之情,杰克已经推测一半原因是女主人公不爱自己的未婚夫。Jack:Doyoulovehim?Rose:Pardonme?Jack:Doyoulovehim?Rose:You'rebeingveryrude````Jack:Doyoulovetheguyornot?Rose:Thisisabsurd.Youdon'tknowmeandIdon'tknowyou....Youarerudeanduncouthandpresumptuous`````(Floutingthemaximofmanner)Rose:I'msocoldJack:Listen,Rose.You'regonnaoutofhere~~~Notthisnight~~~?Rose:Ican'tfeelmybodyJack:Winningthatticketwasthebestthingthateverhappenedtome~~promisemenow,Rose.AndneverletgoofthatpromiseRose:Ipromise.I'llneverletgo,Jack.I'llneverletgo.Differentkindsofimplicatures•ParticularCI(特殊会话含义):thehearerinfersfromtheviolationwhythespeakerdeliberatelyviolatesthemaximinaspeificcontext.Forinstance,•A:Let'sgetsomethingforthekids.•B:Okay,butIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.GeneralizedCI(一般会话含义)•Itreferstotheimplicaturethatisuauallycarriedwithintheutteranceproducedbythespeakeronthebasisofobservanceofacertainmaxim.Forexample,•Thesunisbiggerthantheearth.(ThespeakerobservetheQualityMaxim,whichgiverisetothegeneralizedCI:IbelieveandhaveadequateevidencetoassertthatThesunisbiggerthantheearth.)Propertiesofconversationalimplicature•Calculability(可推导性)•Cancellability(可取消性)•Nondetachability(不可分离性)•Non-conventionality(非规约性)•Indeterminacy(不确定性)4.5Non-observanceofconversationalmaxims•FloutingamaximItoccurswhenaspeakerblatantlyfailsobserveamaximatthelevelofwhatissaid,withthedeliberateintentionofgeneratinganimplicature.eg.(ThespeakerRupertAllasonisdiscussingtheidentityoftheso-calledfifthman''itwaseitherGrahamorRogerandIdon'tbelieveitwasRoger.Violatingamaxim•Gricedefinedthiscategoryspecificallyasunostentatiousnonobservanceofamaxim.•TheexampleinthebookshowsthatAlice'anwser''Thereisnotanotherman''doesnotrepesentsthatshedoesnothaveanaffairwithanyone,maybeawoman.Optingoutofamaxim•Aspeakeroptsoutofobservingamaximbyindicatingunwillingnesstocooperateinthewaythemaximrequires.•eg.A.wherehaveyoubeen?B.Out.C.Wheredoyoulive?D.Somewhere.Infringingamaxim•Inthecaseofinfringingamaxim,aspeakerfailstoobserveamaxim,withnointentionofgeneratinganyimplicature,norwithanyintentionofdeceiving.Itstemsfromimperfectlinguisticperformanceortheimperfectcommandofthelanguage.Suspendingamaxim•Suspendingamaximreferstothenon-observanceofamaximwhenthereisnoneedtooptoutofobservingthemaximsbecausetherearecertaineventsinwhichthereisnoexpectationonthepartofanyparticipantsthattheywillbefulfilled.Itisculture-related.Thenon-observanceofamaximdoesnotgiverisetoaconversationalimplicaturebecausealltheparticipantsknowthatissuspended.4.7Neo-Griceanstudies•Levinsion'sthree-principleformula•theQuantityPrinciple•theInformationPrinciple•theMannerPrincipleeachprinciplesubsumesaSpeaker'smaximandrecipient'scorollary.Apartfromparticularizedconversationalimplicature,theycanalsoexplainothertypesofimpliedmeaninginsentenceslikethefollowing:Manystudentsattendedthelecture.--Notallstudentsattendedthelecture.Sperber&Wilson'sRelevanceTheory•itisbasedonafewsimpleassunptions:first,everyutterancehasavarietyofpossibleinterpretations.•second,notalltheseinterpretationsoccurtothehearersimultaneously.•third,hearesareequippedwithasingle,verygeneralcriterionforevaluatinginterpretationsastheyoccurtothem.•fourth,thecriterionispowerfulenoughtoexclud

1 / 25
下载文档,编辑使用

©2015-2020 m.777doc.com 三七文档.

备案号:鲁ICP备2024069028号-1 客服联系 QQ:2149211541

×
保存成功