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2007,15(1):122doi:10.1360/biodiv.060277BiodiversityScience:2006-12-11:(05035117)(KSCX2-SW-320;KSCX2-SW-104)*Authorforcorrespondence.E-mail:hongwen@wbgcas.cn**Thetwoauthorscontributedequallytothiswork.cpSSR1,2**1**1,311*1(,430074)2(,100049)3(,430074):,,8cpSSR(Actinidia)7:(1)61842,,;(2)cpSSR,,(Actinidiafulvicomavar.lanata)(P=62.50%,hT=0.173,HT=0.897),(A.deliciosa)(P=37.5,hT=0.041,HT=0.516);(3),(GST0.319–0.780,FST0.401–0.695),(Nm0.219–0.7471);(GST=0.780,FST=0.695);(4)GST(unorderedalleles)NST(orderedalleles),,Mantel;(5)/(A.chinensis/A.deliciosacomplex)(HW)(GZ),(FST0.476–0.990),UPGMA,/,,cpDNA,:,SSR,,,,,Geneticdiversity,geneintrogressionandhomoplasyinsympatricpopu-lationsofthegenusActinidiaasrevealedbychloroplastmicrosatellitemarkersTianZhang1,2**,ZuozhouLi1**,YalingLiu1,3,ZhengwangJiang1,HongwenHuang1*1WuhanBotanicalGarden,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Wuhan4300742GraduateSchooloftheChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing1000493CollegeofHorticultureandForestry,HuazhongAgriculturalUniversity,Wuhan430074Abstract:Geneintrogressionusuallyresultsfromspontaneoushybridizationoccurringamongcloselyre-latedspeciesinsympatricpopulationsandthushasgreatimpactonthegeneticstructureofnaturalpopula-tions.Thisphenomenonhasrecentlybecomeoneofthemostactivesubjectsinstudyofevolutionaryand2BiodiversityScience15conservationbiology.Inthepresentstudy,eightchloroplastmicrosatellite(cpSSR)primerswereusedtoexaminegeneticdiversity,populationgeneticstructureandhybridizationintrogressionamongsevenActi-nidiaspecieswithoverlappingdistributionsintransitionalregionsrangingfromthewesternChinaplateautothemiddle-easternChinahillymountains.Theresultsshowed:(1)Atotalof42haplotypesdesignatedby18allelesatsixpolymorphiclociweredetectedacross655individualsofthetensympatricpopulationssam-pled.AlthoughareticulateevolutionaryrelationshipwasrevealedamongcpSSRhaplotypes,thereexistedastrongspecies-specifictendency.(2)Theintra-specificgeneticdiversitywasgenerallyhighbutvariedgreatlyamongdifferentspecies.A.fulvicomavar.lanatashowedthehighestgeneticdiversity(P=62.50%,hT=0.173,HT=0.897)whereasA.deliciosaexhibitedthelowest(P=37.5,hT=0.041,HT=0.516).(3)Highlevelofinter-populationgeneticdifferentiation(GSTandFSTvariedfrom0.319to0.780and0.40to0.695,respectively)andlimitedgeneflow(Nmrangedfrom0.219to0.7471)weredetectedamongthedifferentspecies,ofwhichA.deliciosashowedthehighestinter-populationgeneticdifferentiation(GST=0.780,FST=695).(4)NosignificantdifferencewasfoundbetweenGst(unorderedalleles)andNst(orderedalleles),sug-gestingalackofphylogeographicalstructureformostActinidiaspecies.ThisisconsistentwiththeManteltestwhichrevealednosignificantrelationshipbetweengeneticdistanceandgeographicaldistance.(5)Inter-estingly,arelativelyhighlevelofinter-specificgeneticdifferentiationwasdetectedamongspeciesinsym-patricpopulations(FSTrangedfrom0.476to0.990),exceptfortwopopulations(HWandGZ)oftheA.chinensis/A.deliciosacomplex.TheresultwasalsowellinaccordancewithUPGMAanalysis,whichre-vealedthatthepopulationstendedtoclustertogetherintothesamespecies.FurtheranalysisindicatedthattheA.chinensis/A.deliciosacomplexwasprobablyhighlyinfluencedbybothsharedancestralchloroplastpolymorphismandrecenthybridizationintrogression.However,hybridizationintrogressionrarelyoccurredbetweenlessrelatedspecies,suggestinghomoplasyeventsmayhavealsoplayedanimportantroleinshapingphylogeneticrelationshipsinthegenus.TheresultshaveimportantimplicationsforunderstandingpopulationgeneticsandevolutionarypatternsinthegenusActinidiaandprovidebaselinedataforformulatingconserva-tionandmanagementstrategies.Keywords:Actinidia,cpSSR,introgression,geneticdiversity,geneticdifferentiation,ancestralpolymor-phism,homoplasy,(geneintrogression)(Anderson,1953),,,(Tovar-Sanchez&Oyama,2004;vanDroogenbroecketal.,2006),,,;,,,(Riesebergetal.,2003;Barluengaetal.,2006),,(hybridizationmerging),(Rieseberg&Carney,1998;Grossetal.,2004),(geneticassimilation);,,,F1,(outbreedingdepression)(Beckeretal.,2006),,,,(Huxel,1999;Wolfetal.,2001)1:cpSSR3,(Tovar-Sanchez&Oyama,2004;Mod-liszewskietal.,2006),,,(maternalinheritance),(biparentalinheritance)(paternalinheritancebias)(Shore&Triassi,1998;Yangetal.,2000),(Actinidia)(Ciprianietal.,1995;Testolin&Cipriani,1997;Chatetal.,1999;Yangetal.,2000)66l18(),(,2000),0o50o,,,(,1984;Cuietal.,2002;Huang&Ferguson,2006),,(,1995),(A.chinensis)(2n=2x,4x)(A.delici-osa)(2n=6x,2n=2x,4x),,,,(,2000)(A.latifolia)(2n=2x)(A.eriantha)(2n=2x)Vc,,(,2000),,(,2006),(A.fulvicomavar.lanata)(2n=2x),(,1984;Cuietal.,2002)5(Sect.Stellatae),,(A.callosavar.henryi)(2n=2x,4x)(A.chrysantha)(2n=4x),(Huangetal.,2002;Lietal.,2002;Chatetal.,2004),20,(Huangetal.,1997;Testolin&Fergu-son,1997;,2000;Huangetal.,2002;Lietal.,2002;Chatetal.,2004;Zhenetal.,2004),,(,2004;,2006,2007),DNA(Buccietal.,1998;Palméetal.,2004)cpDNA,(microsatellite)(SSR),cpSSR(Weising&Gardner,1999;Deguillouxetal.,2003),DNA,,10,8cpSSR(Weising&Gardner,1999),7,:(1),;(2)4BiodiversityScience15cpDNA,,;(3)7,,,11.1,10,510,(HW)(HM)(HJ)(GZ)(GR)(GL)(HX)(SS)(H