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Unit1TheScientistsBR-mainBeforeReading2.NobelPrizes3.GameTheory4.ABeautifulMind1.Warm-upQuestionsJohannSebastianBachCarlFriedrichGaussJohnvonNeumannNobelPrizesAlfredBernhardNobel5.BackgroundInformationRobertLowellHarlowShapleyBR1-Warm-upQuestions1Warm-upQuestionsDirections:Listentotherecordingandthenthinkoverthefollowingquestions.JohnNashmathematician,receivingaNobelPrizein1994forhis1950dissertationongametheoryBR1-Warm-upQuestions2Canyouguessthemeaningof“whatmakesthemtick”?whatmakessb.tick:thethoughts,feelings,opinions,etc.thatgivesomeonetheircharacterormakethembehaveinaparticularwayForexample:I’veneverreallyunderstoodwhatmakeshertick.1.WhatarethetwogreatmysteriesofhumanmindthespeakertalksaboutinJohnNash’scase?Geniusandmadness.2.WhatmadeJohnNashwintheNobelPrizeforEconomicsin1994?Hisgraduatepaperthatbecameapillarofgametheory.3.BR1-Warm-upQuestions3WhatwasstrangeaboutJohnNashwhenhewasalittleboy?Hewastotallyun-intosport.4.WhatkindofabilitydoesJohnNashhavewhenheisfacedwithamathematicalproblem?Hisparticularkindofmathematicalgeniuswasthathesawthevisionfirst.5.BR1-Warm-upQuestions4Inthisunitwewilllookatscientistsandwhatmakesthemtick.Ourtwotextstellthestoriesoftwoscientists,oneAmerican,theotherEnglish.Let’shearalittlebeforewestartaboutthefirstofthetwo,theAmerican.ThestoryofmathematicianJohnNashconcernstwogreatmysteriesofthehumanmind—geniusandmadness.In1949NashwasagraduatestudentinmathematicsatPrincetonwhenhewroteapaperthatbecameapillarofgametheory.In1994itearnedhimtheNobelPrizeforEconomics.The45yearsbetweenthosetwoeventsweremarkedbyabrilliantcareerinthefieldofmathematics,andbyastrugglewithschizophrenia(n.精神分裂症)thatledtosomehospitalization.Nashdidhisworkongametheoryasagraduatestudent.HethenwentontoMITtobecomeamemberofitsmathematicsfaculty.Hesolvedtwovery,verybigproblems.Andthenin1959,hehadamassivepsychotic(a.精神病的)breakdownwithparanoid(a.类偏执狂的)delusionsandatthatpointheresignedhisjob.BR1-Warm-upQuestions5HefledtoEurope.Hetriedtogiveuphiscitizenship.HedisappearedfromtheacademicsceneonlytoeventuallycomebacktoPrincetonwherehewasakindoforalmostastreetpersonwhowasbeingshelteredbyhisex-wife.Nashwasaverystrangekid.SomeonewhocontactedmerecentlytoldmethisverystrikingimageofNash.Hewasneveradmittedintoanysoftballteambecausehewastotallyun-intosports.However,ifyouwereaboyyouhadtobeintosports.AndthisimageofNashstuckoutintherightoutfieldlookingupattheclouds,eatinggrassandjustalltherebyhimself.Nash’sparticularmathematicalgeniuswasthekindthatsawthevisionfirst.Inotherwords,notverylongafterhestartedthinkingaboutaproblem,hewouldhaveaveryclearvisionofwherethesolutionlay.Althoughhewouldn’tknowhowtogettoit,anditmighttakeayearortwotogetthere,hehadthisvision.BR1-Warm-upQuestions4BR1-Warm-upQuestions6Andhe’snotaloneinthat.Thereareothergreatintuitionistswhothoughtinthatwayandwhosethinkingprocesseswereverymysterioustoothermathematicians.PeoplesaidtomethatevenaftertheystudiedNash’spapers,theleapsoflogicweresogreatandsooriginalthattheycouldn’treallyquitefathom(vt.弄清楚)howhewentfromhisstartingpremisetothesolution.NobelPrizesBR1-NobelPrizesNobelprizesareawardsgrantedtoforoutstandingcontributionsinthefieldsof,,,and.TheNobelprizesareinternationallyrecognizedasthemostawardsineachofthesefields.TheprizeswereestablishedbyNobel,whosetupafundfortheminhiswill.ThefirstNobelprizeswereawardedonDecember10,1901,theofNobel’sdeath.NobelPrizesannualmonetary_____________individualsorinstitutions______________________physics_______,physiologyormedicine_____________________literature________economics__________prestigious__________1.Fillintheblanks.diplomamedicineorphysiologypeacephysicsandchemistryliteratureeconomicschemistry___________,peace________Swedishinventorandindustrialist____________________________fifthanniversary________________BR1-NobelPrize2BR1-NobelPrize3BR1-NobelPrize4BR1-NobelPrize4BR1-NobelPrize5BR1-NobelPrizes6BR1-NobelPrizes71)Inwhatoccasionmaytheprizegounawarded?2)Whatabouttheprizeamounts?3)Howaretheprizespresentedeachyear?2.QuestionsandanswersAprizemaygounawardedifnocandidateischosenfortheyearunderconsideration.Theprizeamountsarebasedontheannualyieldofthefundcapital.TheprizesarepresentedannuallyatceremoniesinStockholm,Sweden,andinOslo,Norway,onDecember10,theanniversaryofNobel’sdeath.BR1-NobelPrizes8Nobelprizesareannualmonetaryawardsgrantedtoindividualsorinstitutionsforoutstandingcontributionsinthefieldsofphysics,chemistry,physiologyormedicine,literature,peaceandeconomics.TheNobelprizesareinternationallyrecognizedasthemostprestigiousawardsineachofthesefields.TheprizeswereestablishedbySwedishinventorandindustrialistNobel,whosetupafundfortheminhiswill.ThefirstNobelprizeswereawardedonDecember10,1901,thefifthanniversaryofNobel’sdeath.Aprizeforachievementinaparticularfieldmaybeawardedtoanindividual,dividedequallybetweentwopeople,orawardedjointlytotwoorthreepeople.AccordingtotheNobelFoundation’sstatutes,theprizecannotbedividedamongmorethanthreepeople,butitcangotoaninstitution.Aprizemaygounawardedifnocandidateischosenfortheyearunderconsideration,buteachofth