英语语法讲解-代词

英语语法讲解代词(Pronoun)概说代词的分九类：人称代词—personalpronouns物主代词—possessivepronouns反身代词—reflexivepronouns相互代词—reciprocalpronouns指示代词—demonstrativepronouns疑问代词—interrogativepronouns关系代词—relativepronouns不定代词—indefinitepronouns连接代词—conjunctivepronouns人称代词、物主代词、反身代词以及相应的限定词及其先行项（antecedent）在数（number）性（gender）人称（person）方面的一致关系：代词及其先行项“数”的一致：代词和物主限定词单、复数的选择通常取决于他们的指代对象，即先行项的单、复数形式。Onemustremembertoremainverystillwhenone/heattendsaconcert.ProfessorSmithandIwenttotheStatestogether.Westayedthereforthreeweeks.注意：1.先行项为every-,some-等复合词时代词的选择：1)当先行词为everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody等复合词时，代词及相应的限定词通常按照语法一致原则用单数形式。Anybodycanattendthemeetingifheisinterested.Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice.Ifanyonecalls,tellhimI’llbebacklater.但是，非正式语体中，也可以根据意义一致的原则，用复数代词：Someonelefttheirumbrellabehindyesterday.Wouldtheypleasecollectitfromtheoffice?IfanybodywantstogivetheirnameforthetriptoScotland,willtheypleasedoitbeforelunchtime?Noonecouldhaveblamedthemselvesforthat.尤其当先行项为everybody,everyone时，其后用复数代词还比较自然。Everyonewasclappingtheirhands.Dideverybodyleavethedanceearlybecausetheyweren’tenjoyingthemselves?当先行项为everything,anything,something,nothing时，随后的代词以及相应的限定词一般只按语法一致原则用单数形式：Anythingonthetablecanbethrownaway,can’tit?2)先行项为某些并列结构时代词的选择：根据该并列结构的单、复数意义来决定代词以及相应限定词的单、复数形式：Myfriendandroommatehasagreedtolendmehiscar.Myfriendandmyroommatehaveagreedtolendmetheircars.3)先行项为某些集体名词时代词的选择：随后的代词及相应的限定词依该集体名词用于何种意义而定：Theteamhaswonitsfirstgame.Theteamarenowonthefloortakingtheirpracticeshotsatthebasket.4)先行项为“复数名词或代词+each”时代词的选择：当先行项为复数名词或代词作句子主语并带有each做同位语时，如果each出现在动词之前，随后的人称代词或相应的限定词用复数；如果each位于动词之后，随后的人称代词或相应的限定词用单数：Theyeachhadtheirproblems.Theyhadeachhisownproblem.P87exercises代词及其先行项的“性”的一致：阳性masculinegender—man,father,son,husband阴性femininegender—woman,mother,daughter,wife中性neutralgender—book,desk,ship,car通性commongender—student,teacher,doctor,infant现代英语的代词体系包含了“性”的标记：单数第三人称代词、物主代词、反身代词以及相应的限定词。使用时要与先行项保持“性”的一致。1.先行项为阳性或阴性名词时代词的选择：代词以及相应的限定词分别用阳性或阴性。Theboyisthebrightestintheclass.Alltheteacherslikehim.Motherisnotquiteherselftoday.Shemayhavecaughtacold.JamesCollinsplanstoopenhisownofficeinFresno.Hewenttherelastweek.TomRuthDavisSusanAllyAmyBarneyBeckBennyCarmenCecilyDoyleEmileFrancesGilesGillHallisHollyIraIna2.先行项为通性名词时代词的选择：通性名词baby,child,infant,doctor,patient,lawyer,engineer,teacher,student,scholar,speaker,scientist,customer,parent,person男女均可。当这类名词以其单数形式表示类指(genericreference)时，通常用阳性单词或相应的限定词来指代：Aninstructorshouldofferhisstudentschallengingprojects.避免性别歧视：改用复数，或者避免使用代词或限定词。Instructorsshouldoffertheirstudentschallengingprojects.Aninstructorshouldofferchallengingprojectstothestudents.法律文书等正式语体中，还可用heorshe,hisorher来指代单数通性名词：Aninstructorshouldofferhisorherstudentschallengingprojects.但是，除了法律文书外，heorshe,hisorher不宜多次出现、重复，违背简练原则，也可以改用复数代词或者避免使用代词：Parentsofateenagechildoftenwonderwhereheorshewentwrong.Parentsofteenagechildrenoftenwonderwheretheywentwrong.Whenacustomercalls,askhimorhertoleavehisorherphonenumber.Whenacustomercalls,besuretoaskforaphonenumber.当先行项为baby,child,infant等通性名词而说话人不知其性别，或者不必过问其性别时，用中性代词it；如果说话人知其性别，则根据孩子的性别来选代词：There’sababyinthepram.Why,it’scrying.Babyiscryinginthepram.Shemustbehungry.当通性名词表示特指含义时，随后的代词以及相应的限定词须根据上下文所表示的具体性别选用适当的形式：Inherlifetime,Catherineworkeddayandnightwithoutthinkingofherpersonalcomfort.Thedoctorwillforeverliveintheheartsofherpatients.AstudentatBarnardCollegehastodoherownwork.3.先行项为中性名词时代词的选择：通常用中性（it,its,itself).Thatbookhaslotsitscover.Iwillputanewoneonittomorrow.Themachineworksbyitself.带感情色彩也可以用阴性或阳性代词来指代中性物：Thesailorsawashipinthedistance.Shewassailingtowardtherockyisland.How’syournewcar?Terrific.She’sgoinglikeabomb.Thecarneedssomepetrol.Let’sfillhimupatthenextfillingstation.（女性主人）如果先行项为动物名称，通常用中性代词来指代，但是带感情色彩，或者把动物拟人化，可以用阳性或阴性代词：Lookatthatbird.Italwayscomestomywindow.Thecatleapedontomybedandcoiledherselfthere.Theblackbirdrushedawaytothebush,whereheremainedperchingforaboutaminute.当先行项为表示天体名称或某些抽象概念名词时，代词或相应的限定词用中性，带感情色彩或者拟人化，也可以用he或she，依习惯而定。Thesunisshininginallhissplendidbeauty.Lovebeginsplayinghisoldtrickseveryspring.Historyhasrevisedherverdict.TheAutumngavegoldenfruittoeverygarden,buttothegiant’sgardenshegavenothing.当先行项为国家名称时，如果仅视为地理名词，代词或相应限定词用中性，但若视为政治实体或者说话人带感情色彩，代词或相应限定词用阴性：ChinaisinEastAsia.Itisoneofthelargestcountriesintheworld.Inthelastdecadeofthe20thcentury,Chinabegantoassumeherroleasaworldpower.P90exercisesShe除了指她外，还可以指称：雌性动物:Themarewhinedwhenshesawhermaster.船只、车辆:Sheisafineship.Nicecar.Howmuchdidshecost?国家:Spainisamajorcarmanufacturer.SheexportscarstotheUK.We,you两词可以用来泛指一般人：Weallhaveourweaknesses.Youneedtoconsiderallthesefactors.Youcannevertellwhattheywilldonext.They也可以泛指一般人：Theysaypricesaregoingtoincreaseagain.Theydon’tmakedecentfurniturenowadays.It有许多用法：1）某样东西：Whereismymap?Ileftitonthetable.2)抽象事物：Youhavesavedmylife.Ishallneverforgetit.Iwanttostay.–Yourwifewon’tlikeit.3）不知性别的孩子（婴儿）：Hernewbabyistiny.Itonlyweighs2kilos.Whatabeautifulbaby.Isitaboy?4）某种感