新编研究生综合英语教程UNIT1(潘海英)

TextAWhyTeachResearchEthicsTextBTheNatureofInquiryInadditiontoabodyofknowledgethatincludesformulasandfacts,scienceisthepracticebywhichwepursueanswerstothequestionsthatcanbeapproachedscientifically.Thispracticeisreferredtocollectivelyasscientificresearch,andwhilethetechniquesthatscientistsusetoconductresearchmaydifferbetweendisciplines,likebiology,chemistry,geology,physics,oranyotherscientificfield,theunderlyingprinciplesandobjectivesaresimilar.Nowweareatatimeinwhichtheneedtobuildtrustbetweenscienceandsocietyisbecomingevermoreimportant.ltisvitalthattheconductofscienceitselfisbasedonthehighestethicalconsiderationsandthatmisconductwithinscienceitselfcanbeidentifiedanddealtwithinanopenandtransparentmanner.TextA,WhyTeachResearchEthics,examinestheroleandimportanceofethicaleducationonthepartofstudentsandfaculty.Beginningwithtwostoriesaboutunconsciousmisconduct,JudyE.SternandDeniElliottbringuptheurgentneedtoteachethicsinordertoensureagoodpracticeofscience.◦Suchnecessityarisesfromtheinadequacyoftraditionalindividualmentoringinhelpinglearnconventionsofscience.Oneaspectofresearchethicsconcernsresearchers'professionalspiritinthepursuitofultimatetruth,thatistosay,goodsciencemustbeconductedthroughrigorous,systematicandreplicableprocedure.InTextB,TheNatureofInquiry,theauthorswillelaborateonhowscientificresearchdistinguishesitselffromcommon-senseknowing,howresearchersapproachrealitydifferently,andwhatphilosophicalassumptionsunderpineachapproach.BackgroundInformationPre-readingQuestionsTextAWhyTeachResearchEthicsVocabularyExercisesContents1.Informationabouttheauthors2.Informationaboutresearchethics3.CulturalBackgroundInformationBackgroundInformation•TextExplanation&Translation•OrganizationoftheTextTextAWhyTeachResearchEthicsVocabulary1.CoreVocabularyList22.VocabularyExpandingtheNotionofThemetoLargerStructuresthanClauseTheModeDifferenceofSpeech&WritingThethemeandrhymeaccordingtoFunctionallinguistThematicProgressionAcomparisonofspeechwithwritingTheModeDifferenceofSpeech&WritingThedifferencebetweenSpeech&writing•CoreVocabularyList•ThematicProgression•ExpandingtheNotionofThemetoLargerStructuresthanClause在此处键入公式。l.ComprehensionIIWordStudyIIIClozeVWritingIVTranslation•IComprehension•1.AnswerQuestions•2.ParaphraseIVTranslation1.EnglishTranslation2.ChineseTranslationJudyE.Stern&DeniElliott1.Informationabouttheauthors2.Informationaboutresearchethics3.CulturalBackgroundInformationJudyE.SternisaprofessorfromGieselSchoolofMedicineatDartmouthCollege.Herprofessionalinterestsincludeoutcomesofassistedreproductivetechnology,ethicalissuesinassistedreproduction,ethicalissuesinscientificresearchandreproductiveimmunology.D.Elliottisanethicistandethicsscholar,andhasbeenactiveinpracticalethicssincethe1980s.1.Informationabouttheauthors:Researchethicsinvolvestheapplicationoffundamentalethicalprinciplestoavarietyoftopicsinvolvingresearch,includingscientificresearch.Theseincludethedesignofresearchinvolvinghumanexperimentation,animalexperimentation,variousaspectsofacademicscandal,includingscientificmisconduct(suchasfraud,fabricationofdataandplagiarism),whistleblowing;regulationofresearch,etc.Researchethicsismostdevelopedasaconceptinmedicalresearch.Thekeyagreementhereisthe1974DeclarationofHelsinki.TheNurembergCodeisaformeragreement,butwithmanystillimportantnotes.Researchinthesocialsciencespresentsadifferentsetofissuesthanthoseinmedicalresearch.2.InformationaboutresearchethicsSouthKoreanScientistHwangWoo-SukwasaccusedoffabricatingdataProfessorofXi’anJiaotongUniversityLiLianshengwasdeprivedoftheNationalAwardforplagiarism.Researchethicsinvolvestheapplicationoffundamentalethicalprinciplestoavarietyoftopicsonscientificresearch.Thesetopicsincludethedesignandimplementationofresearchinvolvinghumanexperimentation,animalexperimentation,variousaspectsofacademicscandal,includingscientificmisconduct(suchasfraud,fabricationofdataandplagiarism)whistleblowing,regulationofresearch,etc.Researchethicsismostdevelopedasaconceptinmedicalresearch.Thekeyagreementhereisthe1974DeclarationofHelsinki.TheNurembergCodeisaformeragreement,butNithmanystillimportantnotes.Researchinsocialsciencespresentsadifferentsetofissuesthanthoseinmedicalresearch.Theacademicresearchenterpriseisbuiltonafoundationoftrust.Researcherstrustthattheresultsreportedbyothersaresound.Societytruststhattheresultsofresearchreflectanhonestattemptbyscientistsandotherresearcherstodescribetheworldaccuratelyandwithoutbias.Butthistrustwillendureonlyifthescientificcommunitydevotesitselftoexemplifyingandtransmittingthevaluesassociatedwithethicalresearchconduct.Therearemanyethicalissuestobetakenintoseriousconsiderationforresearch.Sociologistsneedtobeawareofhavingtheresponsibilitytosecuretheactualpermissionandinterestsofallthoseinvolvedinthestudy.Theyshouldnotmisuseanyoftheinformationdiscovered,andthereshouldbeacertainmoralresponsibilitymaintainedtowardstheparticipants.Thereisadutytoprotecttherightsofpeopleinthestudyaswellastheirprivacyandsensitivity.Theconfidentialityofthoseinvolvedintheobservationmustbecar