中考英语语法复习名词

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1/5语法系列复习专题-----名词Name___________________________名词的分类专有名词:指某人,某地,某机构等专有的名称,其首字母要大写。如HongKong,China,BillClinton,RedCross个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如student,book名普可数名词词通集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family,school,group,people名词不可数名词物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:cotton,air,tea抽象名词:表示抽象概念,如:work,happiness,news2.名词的复数可数名词有单、复数形式,其复数的构成规则如下:1)绝大多数在词尾加s。如:book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces.2)以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。如:watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes;下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数:piano,photo,radio,zoo,bamboo,kilo3)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改为i,再加es。例如:baby,babies;family,families;以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接加s。例如:boy,boys;key,keys4)以f或fe结尾的名词,先将f或fe改为v,再加es构成复数形式,如:leaf,leaves;wife,wives.但有些以f结尾的名词,是在f后加s构成复数,常见的有:roof,chief,belief,gulf等。个别的两种方式都可以,如:handkerchief,’s,handkerchieves5)少数名词的复数形式是不规则的,要一一背记:man→men;woman→women;Englishman→Englishmen;foot→feet;tooth→teeth;child→children;mouse→mice少数名词的单、复数形式相同,如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish,means(注:fishes表不同种类的鱼)6)复合名词:A.含man或woman的复合名词,两部分都变为复数形式。如:twomenteachers,fourwomendoctorsB.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式,如:lookers-on旁观者,editors-in-chief总编辑,passers-by过路人C.如果没有主体名词,就在词尾后加s。如:grown-ups成年人,go-betweens中间人7)以复数形式出现的名词:trousers,glasses眼镜,scales天平,savings储蓄,findings调查结果,doings行为,surroundings环境,arms武器,fireworks2/5烟火,remains残余,thanks感谢,riches财富,ashes灰烬,stairs楼梯8)有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如:takepains下功夫,madepreparations作准备,giveregardsto问候2.名词的所有格1)名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“’s”,如:Tom’sbike,Marx’sworks以s结尾的专有名词,在词尾后加“’”或“’s”。如:Engels’/Engels’sworks以s结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加“’”。如:students’homework,aworkers’nightschool一所工人夜校,不以s结尾的复数名词,仍在词尾加“’s”。如:men’sclothes男士衣服children’sbooks儿童读物2)如果一个事物为两个人共有,只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”,如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“’s”。例如:TomandMike’sroom汤姆和迈克合住的房间Tom’sandMike’srooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间3)表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。如:thetailor’s裁缝店,thebarber’s理发店,gotothedoctor’s上诊所,atmyuncles在我叔叔家4)表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”来表示所有格。如:today’snewspaper,halfanhour’srest,twoweeks’work,tenminutes′walk,China’spopulation,Shanghai’sindustry5)表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如:thestudentsoftheirschool,theteachersofGrade26)表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词,常用“of+所有格”来表示所属关系。例如:Heisanoldfriendofmyfather’s.ThisisapictureofMary’s.考点分析1.Hegainedhis_______byprinting_______offamouswritersA.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.weaths;workD.wealth;works析:此题答案D。因为wealth是不可数名词故可排除B、C两个选项;work既可作不可数名词表“工作”意,又可作可数名词表“作品”意,常用复数形式。根据题目意思,此处work应作可数名词用,于是又可排除A。2.Manypeopleagreethat_______knowledgeofEnglishisamustin______internationaltradetoday.A.a;×B.the;anC.the;theD.×;the析:knowledge是抽象名词,一般不与不定冠词连用,但指具体“一门学问”或“一门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用,这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如:astrongcharacter坚强的性格;abrightfuture光明前途;awasteoftime浪费时间;apressureonsb.对某人的压力;haveagoodtime玩得痛快;Heisafailure/asuccessasaleader他当领导不行/很出色。抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义。如:whatfun!fineweather;commonknowledge常识;Knowledgebeginswithpractice.foreigntrade.因此internationaltrade前不用冠词。3/5由以上两点可确定答案为A。3.Oh,John_____yougaveus!A.HowagreatsurpriseB.HowpleasantsurpriseC.WhatapleasantsurpriseD.Whatpleasantsurprise析:正确答案为C。“a/an+形容词+抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式。又如:anadvancedculture一种先进文化;agreatinterest极大的兴趣;dohimagoodkindness帮了他一个大忙。4.Shebrokea_______whileshewaswashingup.A.glasswineB.wineglassC.wine’sglassD.glassofwine析:根据broke一词及四个选项,可确定空白处应选“酒杯”故可排除A、D;C不是表达“酒杯”的正确形式,只有B才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多,这些作定语用的名词可表①分类意义②表时间、地点、称呼③表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义。①例:womandriver,telephonenumber,schooleducation,researchwork,coffeecup,Englishteacher,airpollution②例:bookstore,wintersleep,countrylife,collegestudent,SouthChina③例:milkbottle,steamboat,goatskin,stonewall,gasstation,lunchroom,toothbrush5.________terribleweatherwe’vebeenhavingthesedays!A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Howa析:这是一个感叹句,how修饰形容词,副词或动词,what修饰名词。weather是不可数名词,其前不可加不定冠词a。因此这题正确答案是A。6.Shortlyaftertheaccident,two_______policeweresenttothespottokeeporder.A.dozensofB.dozensC.dozens’ofD.dozen析:正确答案是D。dozen,score,hundred,thousand,million等名词前面有数词或many,several等词,且表示具体数目时,这些名词一般不用复数形式,但在下列短语中却加S,并与of连用:dozensof(许多的),scoresof(好几十的),hundredsof(成百的),thousandsof(上千的),millionsof(数百万的)7.I’lllookintothematterassoonaspossible.Justhavealittle______.A.waitB.timeC.patienceD.rest析:由题干第一句意“我会尽快调查那件事”,可知下句是要对方不要着急,故答案应为C。这是由情景,语境确定答案题目。8.Ifbyanychancesomeonecomestoseeme,askthemtoleavea_________.A.messageB.letterC.sentenceD.notice析:答案为A。道理同第7题。专题练习1._________fromBeijingtoLondon!A.HowlongwayitisB.WhatalongwayisitC.HowlongwayisitD.Whatalongwayitis2.We’veworkedouttheplan,andnowwemustputitinto________.A.factB.practiceC.realityD.deed3.Electrcity,likeotherformsof________,hasgreatlyincreasedinprice.A.pressureB.forceC.strengthD.energy4/54.Thatfellowisclever;hehas___________.A.brainB.abrainC.thebrainD.brains5.Juliewenttothe________tobuyapairofshoes.A.shoesstoreB.shoe’sstoreC.shoestoreD.shoes’store6.Those______tooklotsof______intheSummerPalace.A.Germen;photoesB.Germen;photosC.Germans;photosD.Germans;photoes7.Allpossiblemeans__________tosavethehero.A.hastriedB.havetriedC.hasbeentriedD.havebeentried8.——Whosecarisit?——It’s________.A.TomandMaryB.Tom’sandMary’sC.Tom’sandMaryD.TomandMary’s9.Thereare5____inthfields.A.headsofcattlesB.headsofcattleC.headofcattlesD.headofcattle10.Heistheverythiefthepol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