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第三篇语法知识专题第一节名词/名词所有格名词(一)名词的分类：名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它分为专有名词和普通名词。类别定义例词专有名词表示具体的人名，事物，地名，组织等名称的词。China，theGreatWall普通名词可数个体名词表个别人或事物的名称teacher，apple集体名词表若干人或事物的名称family，police不可数物质名词表物质或材料的名称water，bread抽象名词表感情等抽象概念的名称love，knowledge1(二)名词的数：名词按事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。1．可数名词：①有复数；②单数前加a/an。2．不可数名词：①无复数；②不能用a,an修饰。(1)可数名词复数形式的不规则变化情况构成方法例词特殊名词变内部元音man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth—teeth单复数同形Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish(中国人和日本人喜爱绵羊、鹿和鱼)完全不规则penny—pence，child—children，mouse—mice2国人变复数口诀：中日不变英法变，其余一般s加后面。ChinaChineseChineseJapanJapaneseJapaneseEnglandEnglishmanEnglishmenFranceFrenchmanFrenchmenGermanyGermanGermansAmericaAmericanAmericansAustraliaAustralianAustraliansIndiaIndianIndiansCanadaCanadianCanadiansItalyItalianItaliansBrazilBrazilianBraziliansSingaporeSingaporeanSingaporeansKoreaKoreanKoreans3(2)可数名词复数形式的规则变化情况构成方法例词(口诀)以f或fe结尾一般变f,fe为v再加-es树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄，妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去杀狼(wolf)，架(shelf)后小偷(thief)逃命(life)忙。以o结尾四个单词加-es，其余加-s英雄(hero)和黑人(Negro)喜欢吃西红柿(tomato)和土豆(potato)以辅音字母＋y结尾变y为i再加-esbaby—babies，city—cities，dictionary—dictionaries(monkey—monkeys“元音字母＋y”直接加－s)以s，x,ch，sh等结尾加-esbus—buses，box—boxes，watch—watches，wish—wishes一般情况加-sbook—books，table—tables4(3)不可数名词：分为抽象名词和物质名词，表数量时要用“基数词或不定冠词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词”，注意of后的名词只能用原形。如：apieceofnews,twopiecesofbread。物质名词食物bread，meat，rice，cheese，fish，beef饮料water，tea，coffee，wine，milk，cola自然物质wood，sand，soil，air抽象名词情感friendship，peace，joy，love概念news，population学科，语言maths，physics，geography，English5名词的形容词转换：n．＋yrain—rainycloud—cloudysun—sunnyluck—luckyhealth—healthyn．＋fuluse—usefulharm—harmfulbeauty—beautifulcare—carefulwonder—wonderfulthank—thankfuln．＋lessuselesscare—carelesshelp—helplessn．＋lyfriend—friendlylove—lovelymonth—monthlyn．＋nAsia—AsianAmerica—AmericanAustralia—Australiann．＋enwool—woolenwood—woodengold—golden6(三)名词考点1．集体名词：family，people，crowd，class，police(1)指整体时，视为单数，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。(2)指成员时，视为复数，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Herfamilyis(be)verybig.她家是一个大家庭。Herfamilyare(be)footballfans.她全家人都是足球迷。72．man，woman作定语修饰名词时，当表示复数意义时，man,woman及所修饰的名词均要用复数形式。如：menteachers，womenteachers。其余只有后一个名词用复数如：boystudents，girlstudents,appletrees。3．短语“a/this/thatpairof＋复数名词”作主语时，动词用单数。Howmuchis(be)thispairofshoes?Thatpairofpantsis(be)mine.4．“名词＋介词(with/except...)＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数由介词前的名词决定。Lucywithherfriendsgoes(go)totheparkeverySunday.85．表时间、金钱、距离的名词作主语时，视为一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Tenyearsis(be)averylongtime.6．常考的不可数名词room＝space空间；空地Thereisnoroomtoputthedeskhere.news，information，advice，weather，music，pollution,population...7．exercise作不可数名词，意为“锻炼”。作可数名词意为“练习；操”。Weshouldtakemoreexercise.It’sgoodforourhealth.Doingmoreeyeexercisesisgoodforoureyesight.Togethighscoresweshoulddomanymathexerciseseveryday.9名词所有格(一)名词所有格表示人或物的隶属和所有关系，有两种表示形式：1．有生命的名词后加-'s。2．无生命的名词后加of介词短语。类型构成方法例词有生命的名词(人或动物)在词尾加-'sTony'spen以-s结尾的名词只加-'thestudents'textbooksTeachers’Day不规则复数名词在词尾加-'sWomen'sDayChildren'sDay两人共同拥有某物用AandB'sLucyandLily'smother两人分别拥有某物用A'sandB'sLucy'sandLily'sbeds无生命的名词时间、距离……在词尾加-'s或-'twentyminutes'walktoday'snewspaper其他用“of＋名词”结构aphotoofmyfamily双重所有格of＋-'s所有格afriendofhermother'sof＋名词性物主代词afriendofmine10(二)名词所有格考点1．表几十分钟的路程的短语：tenminutes'walk＝aten－minutewalk2．双重所有格和一般所有格的区别：aphotoofmysister's(照片属于我姐姐，但照片上的人不一定是我姐姐)；aphotoofmysister(照片上的人是我姐姐)3．名词所有格表住宅，学校，店铺，诊所(这些名词常省略)theGreen’s格林一家atthedoctor’s在诊所11考点一名词的分类1．(2016·中考改编)Thestudentsdidn'tfindmuch________aboutthetopiconthatwebsite.()A.reportB．articleC．information2．(2016·中考改编)—Lookatmystamps.—Theyareverybeautiful!You’vegotawonderful__________.()A.instructionB．descriptionC．collection3．(2016·中考改编)—MyfavoriteTV________isABiteofChina(舌尖上的中国)．—Ilikeit,too.Mymotheroftencooksdeliciousfoodafterwatchingit.()A.guidebookB．programC．instructionCCB124．(2016·中考改编)─Someonecalledyoujustnow.—Iknow.ButIwasbusyatthattime.WhenIcalledback,therewasno________.()A.voiceB．soundC．answer5．(2016·中考改编)Hewillhavetowatchhis________becauseofhisseriousstomachproblem.()A.styleB．dietC．smell6．(2016·中考改编)TheChinesesaying“Atreecan’tmakeaforest”tellsusthat________isveryimportantinafootballmatch.()A．abilityB．decisionC．teamworkCBC137．(2016·中考改编)—Astudyshowsthatgoodhabitsplayaveryimportant________inchildren’seducation.—Ithinkso.()A.senseB．partC．reason8．(2016·中考改编)—Therearealotof________ofbikeriding.—Iagree.It’sgoodfortheenvironmentanditsavesmoney.()A．instructionsB．instrumentsC．advantagesBC14考点二名词的数1．(2016·中考改编)—Mum,I’veheardthatwecan’teat________thesedays.Isittrue?—Takeiteasy.Itissafetoeatcookedmeat.()A.chickensB．chickenC．achicken2．(2016·中考改编)—Ihavegreat________infinishingtheworkbymyself.Canyouhelpme?—Noproblem.()A.funB．successC．difficultyBC153．(2016·中考改编)AtnightinZunyi,wecanseemanycolorfullightsonboth________ofthestreets.()A.sidesB．sideC．side’s4．(2016·中考改编)I’mhappytoseegreat________havetakenplaceinmyhometown.Manynewroadshavebeenbuilt.()A.experiencesB．changesC．dreams5．(2016·中考改编)Beinghonestisthefirst________ifyouwanttomakefriendswithothers.()A.stepB．timeC．handABA16考点三名词所有格1．(2016·中考改编)Tom’swatchisthesameashis________.()A.brotherB．brothersC．brother’s2．(2016·中考改编)—WhydidtheyhelpMrs.Brownwithherwork?—Becauseshewas________.()A．anoldfrien