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流派代表人物阅读材料思想与概念语言学派LinguisticApproachCatford（语言结构）J.C.Catford:TranslationShiftsShifts转换(level&categoryshifts)1,LinguisticShiftin1960s2,LevelShifts层次转换(指处于一种语言层次上的原语单位具有处于不同语言层次上的译语翻译等值成分。层次转换体现在语法和词汇的相互转换中)1)phonology（音韵学）2)graphology（笔迹学）3)grammar4)lexis（某语言的全部词汇）Betweenphonology&graphologyPhonologicaltranslation（音译法）:thebasisfortranslationequivalenceinitisrelationshipofSLandTLphonologicalunitsto“thesame”用等值的译语音位来代替源语文本的音位的翻译。音译(transliteration)原则：音从原文/从古故Graphologicaltranslation（形译法）:按照字体的书写形象或物体形状，再加上中心词的意思翻译。“shiftsfromgrammartolexisandvice-versa(反之亦然)astheonlypossiblelevelshiftsintranslation”3,CategoryShifts范畴转换（体现在单位，结构，类别和内部体系方面。范畴转换包括不受等级限制的翻译和等级限制翻译）1)structuralshifts结构转译:themostfrequentcategoryshiftsatallintranslation;occurinphonologicalandgraphologicaltranslation,aswellasintotaltranslation.2)class~词性转换:itoccurswhenthetranslationequivalentofaSLitemisamemberofadifferentclassfromtheoriginalitem.3)unit/rank~时态、词汇的变化:thechangesofrank-thatis,departuresfromformalcorrespondenceinwhichthetranslationequivalentofaunitatonerankintheSLisaunitatadifferentrankintheTL(rank-shifts).4)intra-system~冠词、代词等的转换:ittakeplacewhentheSLandTLpossessapproximatelycorrespondingsystemsbutwherethetranslationinvolvesselectionofanon-correspondingtermintheTLsystem.Rankscale:WrittenLinguistics[Grammar]Oral~Morphology词法，形态学Phonology(morpheme义素)（phoneme音素）↓↓syllable→word→phrase→clause→texttonegroup音调,foot音步,syllable(1)Unboundedtranslation:normaltotaltranslationinwhichequivalencesshiftfreelyupanddowntherankscale.(2)Rank-boundedtranslation:theselectionofTLequivalentsisdeliberatelyconfinedtoonerank(orafewranks,lowintherankscale)inthehierarchyofgrammaticalunits.(e.g.machinetranslationisrank-bounded,butonlyatthewordandmorphemerank)Thepopulartermsoftranslationandtheirrelationtoranktranslation(1)Freetranslation（意译）:unbounded--equivalencesshiftupanddowntherankscale,buttendtobeatthehigherranks--sometimesbetweenlargerunitsthanthesentence.(2)Word-for-word（逐字翻译）:rank-boundedatwordrank.(3)Literal（直译）:itmaystart,asitwere,fromaword-for-wordtranslation,butmakechangesinconformitywith（符合，与...一致）TLgrammar(insertingadditionalwords,changingstructuresatanyrank),tendstoremainlexically(词汇地)word-for-word.4,SFL(SystemicFunctionalLinguistics)系统（功能）语言学--Halliday创立Chomskygenerated分析语言学功能语言学概念（ideationalmetafunction）（三大元功能）人际（interpersonal~）语篇（textual~）Nida（Chomsky）Nida(translatorofBile):PrinciplesofCorrespondenceKeyconcept:functionalequivalence功能对等（前身：dynamicequivalence）让译文和原文在语言的功能上对等（尤读者心理反应上的对等），而非在语言的形式上对等。1,KernelSentenceinTranslation1）Kernelsentence(核心句，最简单的句子):JustaskernelsentenceswerethemostbasicstructuresofChomsky’smodel,forNida,kernelsarethebasicstructuralelementsoutofwhichlanguagebuildsitselaborate(详尽复杂的)surfacestructures[用来构成语言复杂表层结构的基本结构成分].Kernelsarethelevelatwhichthemessageistransferredintothereceptor(受体)languagebeforebeingtransformedintothesurfacestructureinthreestages:Literaltransfer字面转移--minimal最低度~--literary书面~2）Analysis:generative-transformationalgrammar（转换生成语法byChomsky）’sfourtypesoffunctionalclassEvent(verb)事件：行动、过程等发生的事Object(noun)实体：具体的人和物Abstract(quantitiesandqualities,adjective)抽象概念Relational(gender,qualities,prepositionsandconjunctions)关系2,Basicfactorsintranslation1)Thenatureofmessage:contentV.S.form2)Thepurpose(s)oftheauthor/translatorTypesofpurposesidentifiedbyNida:forinformationsuggestabehaviorimperative(祈使，命令)purpose3)Theaudiences(4types):children;newliterates;averageliterateadult;specialists3,Relatedness(相关)oflanguage&culture4,Twobasicorientations(方向)intranslating1)FormalEquivalence(F-E):focusesonthemessageitself,inbothformandcontent.•PrinciplesgoverningF-E:grammaticalunits语法单元consistencyinwordusage词语用法前后一致，连贯性meaningsintermsofthesourcecontext源语语境意义2)D-E(dynamicequivalence):basedontheprincipleofequivalenteffect(•Principlesgoverningit)aimingatcompletenaturalnessofexpression;unnecessarytounderstandthesourceculture.“theclosestnaturalequivalenttotheSLmessage.”•Grammar&Lexicon(全部词汇)（similartoCatford’slevelshifts）Grammaticalmodification语法修改Lexicallevels:termswithavailableparallelstermsidentifydifferentculturalobjects,butwithsimilarfunctiontermswithculturalspecialties文化特色•Onomatopoetic(拟声的)expressions•WhentouseD-Etranslation?translationese翻译腔untranslability不可译性Baker（Halliday）Baker:InOtherWords1，TheHallidayanModel1)TheHallidayanModelofdiscourseanalysis(话语分析)(discourse:thelanguagewithattitude语言的策略，特定类型的讲话或论著中使用的话语，语篇)basedonwhathetermssystemicfunctionalgrammar(基于系统功能语法)gearedtothestudyoflanguageascommunication(应用到语言作为语言交际功能的研究中)seeingmeaninginthewriter’slinguisticchoicesandsystematicallyrelatingthesechoicestoawidersocioculturalframework2)Metafunctions元功能KarlBuhler:informative信息（客观）,expressive表达（作者为中心）,vocative呼唤（读者为中心）RelationofGenre（语类）andregistertolanguage（genre受制于社会文化环境，并支配系统框架内其他元素）Register语域DiscourseSemantics语篇语义LexicogrammarField场界（whatthetextisaboutandhowtheexperienceisrepresented写些什么）Ideational(观念，概念)Enacts（扮演，担任角色）actionSubject-specificterminology&Transitivity(及物性)structuresTennor语旨（therelationshipbetweenparticipan