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TheportraitofaladyTheauthor•HenryJames,O.M.(April15,1843–February28,1916)wasaU.S.-bornBritishauthor.•Heisoneofthekeyfiguresof19thcenturyliteraryrealism.LifeofHenryJames•HenryJameswasbornintoawealthyculturedfamilyofNewEngland.•Forawhile,heattendedHarvardLawSchool.•HetouredEngland,FranceandItaly.•HetriedtoliveandworkasanartanddramacriticinNewYorkandfailed.•Finally,hesettleddowninLondon,exceptsometripsvisitstoAmerica,spenttherestofhislifethere.Hisliterarycontributionandachievements•HenryJameswasavoluminouswriter.Hiswholelifewasalongcareerofcontinualfertileproductivity.hismainworksRoderickHudson(1875)《罗德里克·赫德森》TheBostonians(1886)《波士顿人》TheAmerican(1877)《美国人》ThePrincessCasamassima(1886)《卡萨玛西玛公主》DaisyMiller(1878)《戴茜·米勒》GuyDomville(play,1895)《盖伊·汤姆威尔》TheEuropeans(1878)《欧洲人》TheTurnoftheScrew(1898)《碧庐冤孽》ThePortraitofaLady(1881)《贵妇的肖像》TheAmbassadors(1903)《大使》(或译：奉使记)WashingtonSquare(1881)《华盛顿广场》TheWingsoftheDove(1902)《鸽之翼》ALittleTourinFrance(1884)《法国掠影》TheGoldenBowl(1904)《金碗》•HewasinfluencedbysomeEnglish,EuropeanandAmericanwriters.•TheoneAmericanauthorwhoexertedagreatinfluenceonJamesisHawthorne,whoseinsightintothehumanpsycheimpressedtheyoungerwriterdeeply.••Hawthorne•Hewasdeeplyinterestedinthecontrastbetweentheoldworldandthenewone.There’salwaysan“internationaltheme”inhisworks.HelikestocomparetheAmericawiththeEurope.ThetypicalAmericansinJames:fresh,enthusiastic,eagertolearn,andbasically“good”,disregardoftheconventions,standformoralityTheEuropeansinJames:highlycultivated,elegantinmanners,butsophisticated.standformannersThemostimportantideasheldbyJames–Aimofnovelistorepresentlife(realism,moredetailsinTheArtofFiction);–Theaimofthenovelistoliftuppeople’sheart,andtobringpatternandmeaningoutoflife.–InhiswholewritingcareerJameswasconcernedwith“pointofview”whichisatthecenterofhisaestheticofthenovel.Tocorrespondtolifetheauthorshouldavoidartificialomniscienceasmuchaspossible.Jamesusedaparticularmethodoftellingthestory,thatis,illuminationofthesituationandcharactersthroughoneorseveralmindsinsteadofbeingomniscient.Thismethodhetermed“pointofview.”–LikeHawthorne,Jamesalsoattachedimportancetotheinnerworld.Hespentalotinexaminingandrevealingtheinnerawarenessandinwardmovementsofhischaractersinfaceofoutsideoccurrencesratherthanmerelysketchingtheirenvironmentinanydetail.Jamesbecameprobablythefirstofthemodernpsychologicalanalystsinthenovelandanticipatedinhisworksthemodernstream–of–consciousnesstechniquesowidelyemployedinthefirstdecadesofthe20thcentury.Hewasoneofthethreeadvocatesof19thcenturyAmericanrealism.TheothertwobeingHowellsandMarkTwain.AbriefintroductiontoThePortraitofaLadyHeroine：IsabelArcher,fromAlbany,NewYorkLydiaTouchett,hermaternalauntLydia’srichhusbandDanielnearLondonhercousinRalphTouchett,afriendlyinvalidtheTouchetts'robustneighbor,LordWarburtonIsabeldeclinesWarburton'sproposalofmarriageSherejectsthehandofCasparGoodwood,thecharismaticsonandheirofawealthyBostonmillownerleavesmuchofhisestatetoIsabeluponhisdeathtravelstheContinentandmeetsanAmericanexpatriateGilbertOsmondinFlorencesheacceptsOsmond'sproposalofmarriagepromotedbytheaccomplishedbutuntrustworthyMadameMerle,anotherAmericanexpatriatesettleinRomesoursduetoOsmond'soverwhelmingegotismandhislackofgenuineaffectionforhiswifePansy,Osmond'spresumeddaughter,wantstograntherwishtomarryEdwardRosier,ayoungartcollectorsnobbishOsmondwouldratherthatPansyaccepttheproposalofWarburtonIsabelsuspects,thatWarburtonmayjustbefeigninginterestinPansytogetclosetoIsabelagainlearnsthatRalphisdyinginEnglandandpreparestogotohimforhisfinalhours,butOsmondselfishlyopposesthisplanMeanwhile,IsabellearnsthatPansyisactuallythedaughterofMadameMerle,whohadanadulterousrelationshipwithOsmondforseveralyearsIsabelpaysafinalvisittoPansywhodesperatelybegshertoreturnsomedaywithouttellingherspitefulhusband,tocomfortthedyingRalphinEngland,wheresheremainsuntilhisdeathGoodwoodencountersheratRalph'sestateandbegshertoleaveOsmondandcomeawaywithhim.Hepassionatelyembracesandkissesher,butIsabelfleesGoodwoodseeksheroutthenextday,butistoldshehassetoffagainforRomecharacteristicanalysisThemaincharacters:IsabelArcherRalphOsmondMadameMerleIsabelArcher1.Contemptsecularandmoneysherefusestwomen`sproposalofmarriage,oneisWarburtonwhoisanoble,anotherisGoodwoodwhoisamerchantprince.2.Seekfreedomandindependenceshebelievesthateveryoneshouldmakechoicesbythemselves,eventhoughtheirdecisioniswrong.Isabelliketobeindependentfromothers,sosheneveracceptother`sadviceandproposal.Ontheonehand,thiskindofthoughtreflectsherintelligenceandgoodculture.Ontheotherhand,itmisleadsherandgiveheranunfortunatelife.3.Erudition(博学)andthepursuitoftruthShehasagoodknowledgeofliteratureandnewthoughts.Asaresultofit,sheprefersthespiritualwealthtothemoneyandsocialstatus.ThatisthereasonwhysherefusestworichmenandmarriesOsmondwhoisanpoorartist.4.InnocentandconfidentIsabelfirmlybelievesthatshecancreateherlifewithherownmindanddecision.Soshetakesnonoticeofothers.Shedoesn'tknowtheschemeofOsmondandMerleuntilshemarriesOsmond.5.BraveandresponsibleAfterhermarriage,shefindstheschemeofOsm