学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案

学术英语社科AcademicEnglishforSocialSciencesUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities•Lead-in•TextA•TextB•Listening•Speaking•WritingUnitContents•Lead-in–Readingcritically:questionsfordiscussionUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesLead-inReadingcritically:questionsfordiscussionReadingcritically:Everytextiswrittenonapurpose,somearesupposedtomakeyoubelieve.Itisimportanttolearntoreadcriticallytogetthepoint.Onewayoftrainingcriticalreadingistoaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:Doyouagreewiththeauthor?Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesWhatistheauthorassumingIwillagreewith?Whatistheauthortryingtoprove?Lead-inReadingcritically:questionsfordiscussionDoestheauthoradequatelydefendtheirargument?Whatkindofproofdotheyuse?Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesIstheresomethingtheyleaveoutthatyouwouldputin?Doesputtingitinhurttheirargument?Lead-inReadingcritically:questionsfordiscussionDiscussthefollowingquestions:Howdoyoumakethedecisionthatyoutakethiscourse?Whatdoyouconsiderwhenyoumakethisdecision?Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities•TextA–Keyterms–Criticalreadingandthinking–Difficultsentences–Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose•Specializedvocabulary•Collocations•FormalandinformalEnglish•SignpostlanguageUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesTextAKeytermsrationalpeople:理性人Thosepeoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives,giventheavailableopportunities.Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesmarginalchange:边际变化smallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofactionmarginalbenefit:边际效益theadditionalbenefitfromanincreaseinanactivityTextAKeytermsUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesmarginalcost:边际成本theadditionalcostfromanincreaseinanactivitymarginaldecision-making:边际决策theadditionalcostfromanincreaseinanactivityincentive:激励somethingthatinducesapersontoactHowPeopleMakeDecisionsEconomists’explanationaboutdecisionmaking:Therearerulesbehindpeople’sdecision-makingbehaviors.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesRationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesExample1:standbyticketsWhatarationalairlinecando?Situation:Flyinga200-seatplaneacrosstheU.S.coststheairline$100,000.Costofeachseat:$500(That’stosay,neversellaticketforlessthan$500.)Suppose:Aplaneisabouttotakeoffwith10emptyseats.Astandbypassengerwillpay$300foraseat.Question:shouldtheairlineselltheticket?Answer:Yes.Reason:Iftheplanehasemptyseat,thecostofaddingonemorepassengeristiny.Herethemarginalcostismerelythecostofsomethingtoeat,likepeanuts,coco,etc.Conclusion:Aslongasthestandbypassengerpaysmorethanthemarginalcost,sellingtheticketisprofitable.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesExample2:watervs.diamondWhyiswatersocheap,whilediamondsaresoexpensive?waterdiamondNecessaryforsurvivalThemarginalbenefitofanextracupissmallbecausewaterisplentiful.UnnecessaryforsurvivalThemarginalbenefitofanextradiamondislargebecausediamondsarerare.Unit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesTextACriticalreadingandthinkingTextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesConclusion:Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.(Theymakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefits.)Areyouarationalperson?Example1:thepriceofanappleHowpeoplerespondtoincentives?Whenthepricerises:Itprovidesanincentiveforbuyerstoconsumeless;Itprovidesanincentiveforsellerstoproducemore.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesRationalpeoplerespondtoincentives.Example2:ataxongasolineHowpeoplerespondtoincentives?Encouragepeopleto□drivesmall,morefuel-efficientcars;□carpool□takepublictransportation;□liveclosertowheretheywork;□drivehybridcars;□driveelectriccars.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesExample3:aseatbeltlawAmericanlawsrequireseatbeltsasstandardequipmentonnewcars.Howaseatbeltlawaltersadriver’scost-benefitcalculation(Peltzman’sanalysis):Seatbeltsreducethelikelihoodofinjuryordeath→makeaccidentslesscostly→drivefasterandlesscarefully→alargenumberofaccidentsTextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesResult:Theselawsproducebothfewerdeathsperaccidentandmoreaccidents.Conclusion1:Thenetresultislittlechangeinthenumberofdriverdeathsandanincreaseinthenumberofpedestriandeaths.Conclusion2:Whenanalyzinganypolicy,considerboththedirecteffectsandlessobviousindirecteffects.Ifthepolicychangesincentives,itwillcausepeopletoaltertheirbehavior.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities→Rationalpeopleknowthatwhentheymakeadecision,itisoftennotayes-or-nochoice,butrequiresdeliberateconsiderationoftheprosandcons.TextADifficultsentencesUnit1Decision-MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivitiesRationalpeopleknowthatdecisionsinlifearerarelyblackandwhitebutusuallyinvolveshadesofgray.(Para.2)→Themostimportanttheoryineconomicstudyconcernsits