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油气开采与钻探PreparedbyTomSheeranExploringandDrillingforOilandGasPreparedbyTomSheeran什么是石油，什么是天然气?•石油和天然气是储存在地层中的物质•它们是从分解的动植物残骸演变而来•科学家们认为石油是这样形成的：很久很久以前死亡的动植物被厚厚的沉积物缓慢掩埋。经过很长的时间，在一定的压力和温度下，这些有机物转变成立今天人们发现的石油。(例如：我们现在知道堆积的垃圾可以产生沼气)PreparedbyTomSheeranWhatareOilandGas?•OilandGasaresubstancesfoundwithintheearth’scrust.•Theyarethoughttocomefromdecomposedplantandanimalmatter.•Scientistsbelievetheplantsandanimalsdiedlongago,andwereslowlyburiedbythicklayersofsediments.Overalongperiodoftime,andwithpressureandtemperature,theorganicmaterialswereconvertedintotheoilandgaswhicharefoundtoday.(Forexample,weknowthatpresentdaygarbagedumpsgiveoffmethanegas)PreparedbyTomSheeran自然状态下的石油有的粘稠，有的稀薄。颜色有黑的，也有浅颜色的。很多其他材料也来自于石油产品:•塑料•织布的材料(例如:聚酯纤维)•日用化学品•各种油漆关于油气我们还需要知道些什么？PreparedbyTomSheeran通过提炼，石油可以制成很多产品:•发电厂用的燃料•轻型车用的汽油•卡车和火车用的柴油•飞机用的航空汽油•房屋取暖用的燃料油Oilinit’snaturalstatecanbethickorthin,blackorlightcolored.Whenoilisrefined,manyproductscanbeobtained:•Energyforpower•Gasolineforcars•Dieselfuelfortrucksandtrains•Hi-octanefuelsforplanes•HeatingoilforhousesManyothermaterialsalsocomefrompetroleum:•Plastics•Materialsforclothes(example:polyesterfabrics)•Chemicalsforeverydayuse•PaintsWhatelsedoweknowaboutoilandgas?PreparedbyTomSheeran你知道石油中含有天然气吗？天然气在石油里处于溶解状态，就像汽水中溶解的发出嘶嘶响声的二氧化碳一样当石油被开采出来的时候，一些天然气也随着石油被采出来。一桶石油可能含有1~10,000立方英尺的天然气，含量的多少取决于油藏的类型。一桶油中的气体可以装满你的整个房子！PreparedbyTomSheeranDidyouknowthatoilhasnaturalgasinit?Thenaturalgasisinsolution,justlikethecarbondioxidewhichisputinsideofpoptogiveititsfizz.Whenoilisproduced,somegasisproducedwiththeoil.Abarrelofoilmaycontainanywherefrom1cubicftofgas,toover10,000cubicft,dependingonthetypeofreservoir.That’senoughgasinasinglebarrelofoiltofillyourwholehouse!PreparedbyTomSheeran哪里可以找到石油和天然气?PreparedbyTomSheeranWherecanwefindOilandGas?PreparedbyTomSheeran有的人认为石油在一个地下的大池子里.实际上，大多数油是嵌在岩石颗粒和沙子之间很小的孔隙里。大多数这样的孔隙肉眼是看不到的。PreparedbyTomSheeranSomepeoplethinkthatoilisinbigpoolsunderground.Actually,mostoilistrappedinthetinyporespacesbetweengrainsofrockorsand.Mostoftheseporesaretoosmalltobeseenwiththenakedeye.PreparedbyTomSheeran那么我们如何找到有油的岩层呢?•油气是在地层中天然的圈闭构造中发现的。•这些油气圈闭构造由穹顶或断层组成。非渗透性的岩石覆盖在构造顶部防止油气逃逸到地表。非渗透性的岩石是指流体不能穿越的岩石。•没有这样的油气圈闭构造，油气就会向地表移动，最终挥发掉。PreparedbyTomSheeranSo,howdowefindoil-bearingrocks?•Oilandgasarefoundinnaturaltrapswithintheearth.•Thesetrapsconsistofdomesorfaults.Impermeablerockabovethetrappreventstheoilandgasfrommigratinguptosurface.An“impermeable”rockisonethatfluidcannotpassthrough.•withouttraps,theoilandgascouldmigrateallthewaytothesurfaceandevaporate.PreparedbyTomSheeran油这是一个穹顶型油藏的例子:这是阻止油气向上流动的非渗透性岩石层。注意下面的水层，它防止了油向下逃逸。你知道为什么吗？水PreparedbyTomSheeranOilHere’sanexampleofadome-shapedOilreservoir.Notethelayerofimpermeablerockwhichpreventstheoilfrommigratingupwards.Also,notethelayerofwaterbelowwhichpreventstheoilfromescapingdown.Why?WaterPreparedbyTomSheeran气这是一个气藏的例子和前面的例子一样，非渗透性的岩层阻止了气体的逃逸水PreparedbyTomSheeranGasHere’sanexampleofaGasreservoir.Again,notetheimpermeablelayerofrockpreventingthegasfromescaping.WaterPreparedbyTomSheeran气这是一个有气顶的油藏的例子油为什么我们要假设气体在顶部?水PreparedbyTomSheeranGasHere’sanexampleofanOilreservoirwithaGascapOilWhydoyousupposethegasisontop?WaterPreparedbyTomSheeran我们如何找到这些油藏呢?•地球物理学家通过油藏反射的声波找到它们，计录声波反射回来的时间•计算机处理这些数据，构造出地下岩层系统的图像Gas油声源接收器t=1sect=1.2sect=1.42secPreparedbyTomSheeranHowdowefindtheoilreservoirs?•Geophysicistsfindreservoirsbybouncingsoundwavesoffthem,andtiminghowlongittakesforthesoundtocomeback•Computersprocessthedatatoconstructpicturesofwhattheearthlookslikeunderground.GasOilsourcereceiverst=1sect=1.2sect=1.42secPreparedbyTomSheeran发现了油藏之后我们该干什么????PreparedbyTomSheeranWhatdowedoafterwefindareservoir????PreparedbyTomSheeran我们钻一口井进去!!!PreparedbyTomSheeranWeDrillIntoIt!!!PreparedbyTomSheeran我们用什么钻井?PreparedbyTomSheeranWhatdowedrillwith?PreparedbyTomSheeran钻井设备!以下是一些不同种类的钻井设备:陆上钻井架用于陆上钻井钻井船钻井船和半潜式钻井平台用于水深100ft到5000+ft情况的钻井半潜式钻井平台自升式钻井平台用于水深15ft到+/-350ft情况的钻井内陆驳船钻井架用于水深8ft到30ft情况的钻井PreparedbyTomSheeranADrillingRig!Hereareafewdifferenttypesofdrillingrigsavailable:LandRigFordrillingonland.DrillShipDrillshipsandsemi-submersiblerigsarefordrillinginwaterdepthsfrom100to5000+ft.Semi-SubmersibleRigJackupRigFordrillinginwaterdepthsfrom15ftto+/-350ft.InlandBargeFordrillinginwaterdepthsfrom8to30ft.PreparedbyTomSheeran钻井设备是什么?PreparedbyTomSheeranWhat’sadrillingrig?PreparedbyTomSheeran钻井设备:一套可以使我们钻入地层的特殊设备。•一套钻井设备由很多不同的部分组成:井架，地基，起重设备，发电机，钻杆，钢罐，泵，固控设备，还有很多其他部件。•你知道有的钻井设备可以钻探到地下6英里（9.7公里）深的地方吗？那比珠穆朗玛峰的高度还要大！PreparedbyTomSheeranADrillingRigis:Apackageofspecialequipmentputtogethertoenableustodrillintotheearth.•Adrillingrighasmanydifferentparts:aderrick,asubstructure,hoistingequipment,enginesforpower,drillpipe,steeltanks,pumps,solidscontrolequipment,andmanyotherpieces.•Didyouknowthatsomedrillingrigscandrillasdeepas6miles?That’sasdeepasMt.Everestistall!PreparedbyTomSheeran钻柱钻头起重设备由以下部分组成:天车,游动滑车,游动钢丝绳,和一个用来起降游动钢丝绳的绞车。井架底座井架这幅图画的是钻井设备上的起重设备.这个设备被用来提升和放下钻柱的。钻柱是一根根10米(30ft)长的钻杆连接起来组成的。待用钻杆在这里，30ft长的钻杆被一根根加到钻柱上。这样钻柱不停的被加长，可以不停的朝地下钻进。PreparedbyTomSheeranDrillstringDrillbitThehoistingequipmentconsi