第二讲 半导体物理及器件基础分析

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第二讲半导体物理及器件基础贵州大学电子科学系贵州省微纳电子与软件技术重点实验室半导体功率器件可靠性教育部工程研究中心马奎博士/副教授2016-03-08目录固体能带结构半导体物理基础PN结双极型晶体管MOS晶体管几种大功率器件1/50固体能带结构HerbertKroemer’sLemma--QuotedfromtheNobelLecture,December8,2000If,indiscussingasemiconductorproblem,youcannotdrawanEnergyBandDiagram,thisshowsthatyoudon'tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout.Ifyoucandrawone,butdon't,thenyouraudiencewon'tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout.在讨论半导体问题时,如果不能画出能带图,这说明,你自己也不知所云。你能画出能带图,但是不能理解能带图的含义,那么,听众不知道你在讲什么。2/50固体能带结构3/50固体能带结构4/50固体能带结构导带全空导带全空导带全空导带部分填充价带全满价带全满价带部分填充(a)绝缘体(b)半导体(c)导体(d)导体能带交叠5/50固体能带结构6/50半导体物理基础半导体中的电子|空穴对7/50半导体物理基础半导体中的电子|空穴对8/50半导体物理基础半导体中施主和受主9/50半导体物理基础FD统计分布和费米能级10/50半导体物理基础本征半导体EcEvEiN型半导体EcEvEiP型半导体EcEvEiEfEf三种半导体的费米能级分布11/50半导体物理基础220220)2(2)2(2idadaiadadnNNNNpnNNNNn)exp(.)exp(.)exp(.)exp(.0000kTEEnpkTEENpkTEEnnkTEENnFiiFVViFiCFC200inpn平衡态半导体的载流子浓度方程12/50半导体物理基础扩散运动由浓度梯度引起的载流子的运动。漂移运动由外加”场”的作用引起的载流子的运动。散射载流子运动过程中运动方向或速度改变的现象。晶格散射、杂质和缺陷散射、表面和界面散射,或者是由周期性势场引起的散射。13/50PN结NP14/50PN结PN结形成的微观过程P5++B3+-N-SiP-Si++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15/50PN结PN结形成的微观过程++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++接触--------------------------------------------------------------------------------++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------------------N-SiP-Si16/50PN结PN结形成的微观过程扩散++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------------------------------------------------------------++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------------------N-SiP-Si扩散电流17/50PN结PN结形成的微观过程++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------------------------------------------------------------++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------------------N-SiP-Si扩散电流复合18/50自建电场PN结PN结形成的微观过程++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------------------------------------------------------------++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------------------N-SiP-Si漂移电流19/50PN结平衡++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------------------------------------------------------------++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------------------N-SiP-Si空间电荷区PN结形成的微观过程20/50PN结++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------------------------------------------------------------++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------------------------------------------XMEbiVbi载流子数量极少。高阻区。耗尽区XNXPXN+XP=XMNDXN=NAXP根据电中性:自建场自建势空间电荷区21/50PN结PN结的偏置+++++++-------NP+-VD+++++++-------NP+-V-------+++++++正向偏置N-Si:低电位P-Si:高电位反向偏置N-Si:高电位P-Si:低电位22/50PN结ECEVECEVPN结形成之前ECEVECEVPN结形成之后qVbiXMPN结的能带23/50PN结ECEVECEVq(Vbi-VD)XM’正偏状态ECEVECEVq(Vbi+VR)XM’反偏状态PN结的能带qVDqVR24/50PN结PN结的IV特性VI(1)qVkTsIIe(1)V=VB:雪崩击穿;(2)VBV≤0:反向饱和电流;(3)V=0:平衡态,电流为零。(4)0V≤Vbi:势垒降低,电流随偏压增加而增加,但增加幅度较小;(5)VVbi:势垒消失,电流随偏压增加而迅速增大。VbiVB-Is25/50PN结P衬底N+P+PN结在集成电路中的剖面图及电路符号AnodeCathode26/50双极型晶体管基本结构和分类NNPPPN三层结构NPN晶体管PNP晶体管BJT:BipolarJunctionTransistor27/50双极型晶体管发射区集电区基区集电结发射极集电极基极发射结EmitterBaseCollector(1)两个PN结:发射结、集电结(2)三个区:发射区、基区、集电区(3)杂质浓度:发射区基区集电区(4)窄基区:小于数微米NPN晶体管28/50双极型晶体管发射结(B-E结):正偏集电结(B-C结):反偏输入输出发射区集电区基区集电结发射极集电极基极发射结共发射极接法29/50双极型晶体管发射区集电区基区发射极集电极基极IeIb载流子输运情况30/50双极型晶体管发射区集电区基区发射极集电极自建场方向Ie基极Ib载流子输运情况31/50双极型晶体管发射区集电区基区发射极集电极基极自建场方向IeIb电流增益β:通过基区的电流与在基区复合的电流之比。IccbII载流子输运情况32/50双极型晶体管Vcev.s.IcVbeVceecbVceIcIb=0截止区晶体管特性曲线Vbe=0eb结和cb结均反偏,晶体管截止。Ic和Ib均很小。33/50双极型晶体管晶体管特性曲线饱和区Vcev.s.IcVbeVceecbVceIcVbe0Vce较小:eb结和cb结均正偏,Ic随Vce增加而增加。Vce较大:eb结正偏而cb结反偏,Ic=βIb。截止区放大区Ib1Ib2Ib3Ib434/50双极型晶体管NPN晶体管在集成电路中的剖面图及电路符号N+N+P-衬底PNCBEcbe35/50MOS晶体管NMOSFETPMOSFETN+PSourse源极N+Gate栅极Drain漏极P+NSourse源极P+Gate栅极Drain漏极Metal-Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistor金属-氧化物-半导体场效应晶体管基本结构和分类36/50MOS晶体管NMOS的共源极接法源极N+PN+栅极漏极漏结源结沟道Channel37/50MOS晶体管NMOS电容源极N+PN+栅极漏极VGS=0VDS=0------------------------------VS=038/50MOS晶体管空间电荷区(耗尽区)源极N+PN+栅极漏极VGS0(小)VDS=0VGS0(小):栅氧化层下出现空间电荷区(耗尽区)------------------------------VS=0NMOS电容39/50MOS晶体管耗尽区反型层源极N+PN+栅极漏极VGS↑VDS=0VGS增加:空间电荷向下扩展,栅氧化层下的半导体表面出现多余自由电子,相当于在表面形成一层导电类型相反的半导体层,称为反型层。此时的VGS称为阈值电压VT(0.5V-1.0V)。------------------------------VS=0NMOS电容40/50MOS晶体管VGSVT:表面反型程度进一步加深,半导体表面积累更多的电子,同时反型层的屏蔽作用使得耗尽区停止扩展。------------------------------耗尽区反型层源极N+PN+栅极漏极VGSVTVDS=0VS=0NMOS电容41/50MOS晶体管阈值电压计算公式fpmsoxssoxfpsAtnCQCqNV22'fnmsoxssoxfnsDtpCQCqNV22'NPN:PNP:42/50MOS晶体管NMOS共源极接法的工作机理VGSVT,VDS0:漏结耗尽区扩展,使得栅极下方耗尽区宽度从源到漏逐渐增加,晶体管截止,IDS=0。源极N+PN+栅极漏极VGSVTVDSIDVDS0IDS43/50MOS晶体管VGSVT,VDS0(小):栅极下方耗尽区宽度从源到漏逐渐增加,而反型层宽度从源到漏逐渐减小,ID随VDS增加而线性增加。源极N+PN+栅极漏

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