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Unit4TextIAViewofMountainsNucleartechnology•Thereisagreatdealofpublicconcernaboutitsdangersandpossibleimplications.Therefore,everyapplicationofnucleartechnologyisreviewedwithcare.•Howmuchdoyouknowaboutnucleartechnology?Nucleartechnology•Nucleartechnologyistechnologythatinvolvesthereactionsofatomicnuclei.Ithasfoundapplicationsfromsmokedetectorstonuclearreactors,andfromgunsightstonuclearweapons.Pre-readingquestions•1.Somepeoplethinkpossessingnuclearweaponsthreatenstheexistenceofmankindothersthinkitservesasgooddeterrencetopreventcountriesfromgoingtowar.•Areyoufororagainstnuclearweapons?Why?•2.Doyouthinknuclearenergyisasafeandeconomicalsourceofenergy?Explain.•3.Wouldyouliveinaplacethathasanuclearpowerplantnearby?Givereasons.TheProsandConsofNuclearEnergy•Advantages:•1.Reductioninairpollution:acoal-fireplantreleasesmuchmoreradioactivity,co2andotherelementsintotheatmospherethanaproperly-functioningnuclearpowerplantdoes.Nuclearenergyisextremelycleanandnotpoisonous;•2.Medicalapplication:nucleartechniquesforthediagnosisofmanydiseases,suchasleishmaniasis,Chagasdisease,iodinedeficiencies,andsicklecelldiseases.•Disadvantages:•Miningandpurifyinguraniumhasnotbeenaverycleanprocess;•Improperlyfunctioningnuclearpowerplantscancreatebigproblems,liketheChernobyldisaster.Chernobylscatteredtonsofradioactivedustintotheatmosphere.(切尔诺贝利在1986年因核事故而被废弃)•Transportingnuclearfueltoandfromplantsposessomerisk.切尔诺贝利在1986年因核事故而被废弃Chernobyldisaster•1986年4月26日凌晨1点23分，在乌克兰基辅州普里皮亚特发生，是历史上最严重的核能发电厂意外事故。•由于切尔诺贝利发电厂没有保护掩体，导致受到核辐射尘污染的云层飘往前苏联西部的部分地区、西欧、东欧、斯堪地那维亚半岛、不列颠群岛和北美东部部分地区。此外，在乌克兰、白俄罗斯及俄罗斯境内遭受到严重的核污染，超过336,000名的居民被迫撤离。•依据前苏联的官方报告，约60%受到辐射尘污染的地区皆位于白俄罗斯境内，但根据2006年的TORCH报告指出，半数的辐射尘都落在前述的三个前苏联国家以外。这次灾难所释放出的辐射线剂量是投在广岛的原子弹的400倍以上。BackgroundInformationofthetest1.aboutthetextThistextistheepiloguefromJonathanSchell’sbookTheGiftofTime:TheCauseforAbolishingNuclearweaponsNowpublishedbyHenryHolt&Co.in1998.2.abouttheauthorJonathanSchellistheauthorofTheVillageofBenSueandTheFateoftheEarth.HewasawriterfortheNewYorkerfrom1967to1987andacolumnistforNewsdayfrom1990to1996.HeteachesatWesleyanUniversityandtheNewSchool,andistheHaroldWillensPeaceFellowatTheNationInstitute.3.TheNagasakiisacitywhichistheseaportinsouthwestJapan(长崎)andisonethetwocitiesthatgotnuclearbombingintheWarII.4.TheHiroshimaisacitywhichistheseaportinsouthwestJapan(广岛)andistheothercitythatgotnuclearbombingintheWarII.5.TheKokurareferstoaseaportinKitakyushu(九洲),Japan(小仓).Culturalnotes:Jappropernames•Regularincertainsense•姓名用汉字时，姓前名后：山端庸介•姓名用字母时，姓后名前：YosukeYamahata（这是明治维新之后日本人脱亚入欧的做法之一）•姓名、地名中的汉字，既有训读（Kun’yomi,orsemanticborrowing），又有音读，不规则的地方不少，因为存在“一对多”或“多对一”现象。Learnsomerules•Yōsuke=Yō（庸）+suke（介）•庸是音读（on’yomi），而介是训读•RyūnosukeAkutagawa（芥川龙之介）•Ryū=龙，no=之，suke=介•Akuta=芥，gawakawa=川YosukeYamahata山端庸介•MostwidelyheldworksaboutYōsukeYamahata•Sarinagara:romanbyPhilippeForest(Book)•NagasakijourneythephotographsofYosukeYamahata:aphotographyexhibitiontouringinternationally1995-1996Languagework•dispatch:(formal)tosendsomeoneorsth.somewhereforaparticularpurpose；tosendofftoadestination•AreporterwasdispatchedtoNaplestocovertheriot.•美国朋友们给他寄去了好几包裹食品。•Parcelsoffoodwere~edtohimbyA….•政府正准备派出4000士兵对全岛进行搜索。•Thegov.waspreparingto~4,000s….constitute:1)compose;form.bethecomponetsoressenceof;makeupform组成，构成e,g.Meat，milk，vegetables，fruitandstarchesconstituteabalanceddiet.肉类、牛奶、蔬菜、水果以及淀粉质食物构成了均衡饮食。Nitrogenconstitutes78%oftheearth’satmostphere.2)beequaltoItisuptotheteachertodecidewhatconstitutessatisfactorywork.•constitute为正式用语，意为“若干部分构成一个整体”，一般不用于被动语态，如:54cardsconstituteapack.54张卡片组成一副纸牌。compose意为“一个整体由若干部分组成或由哪些要素构成”，常用短语为becomposedof，如:Wateriscomposedofhydrogenandoxygen.水是由氢和氧构成的。•comprise也为正式用语，不仅有“整体由若干部分构成”的意思，也不用于被动语态，如:Thebookcomprisestenchapters.这本书有十章。•Studyinganddoingexperiments___practicallythewholeofhislife.•研究和做实验几乎就是他生活的全部内容。•brand•v.markwithhotiron;impressfirmly打烙印;铭记，铭刻•Imageryofthewarhasbrandeditselfintothenationalconsciousness.战争的印象深深地铭刻在人民的脑海里。•(点拔)①其宾语后面接介词as,意为“指为;使显得”，如:•Theybrandedhimasaliar.他们指他为说谎者。•Herhairstylebrandedherasoldfashioned.她的发型使她显得守旧。•②其宾语后面接介词on，意为“铭记，如:•Brandthelessononyourmind.牢记这个教训。•survive•v.remainaliveorinexistence;livelongerthan;outlive活着，继续存在;比…活得长•Hewastheonlypassengerthatsurvivedtheplanecrash.•他是这次飞机失事中惟一幸存的乘客。•（点拨）意为“比某人多活……年”时，介词用by，如:•她比他丈夫多活了十年。•Shesurvivedherhusbandbytenyears.•intact•adj.remainingsound,entire,oruninjured;notimpairedinanyway完好无损的•Hecanscarcelysurvivethisscandalwithhisreputationintact．•他经此丑闻名誉很难不受损。•(点拨)通常只作表语或宾语补足语，如：•Thevasehedroppedremainedintact.•他掉下来的那个花瓶完整无损。•keepourfriendshipintact•让我们的友谊不受损害。•apprehend•v.graspmentally;understand理解，担心•(释例)AtlastIapprehendedhismeaning．•最后，我理解了他的意思。•apprehend,comprehend,understand，grasp•都有“理解，领会”的意思•Apprehend强调心灵的接受•Comprehend,understand强调对现实和知识的把握•Comprehend,apprehend都强调完全的认识和知识•grasp是指紧紧地抓住和保持一种想法•spare•v.refrain/preventfromharming,punishingorkilling免于伤害或毁坏•Hedidtheworktospareyouthetrouble.Itwillsparehimembarrassmentifyouspeaktohimaboutitinprivate.•Canyouspareadollarfor/tometillpayday?•Canyousparemeadollartillpayd