加氢裂化飞温事故过程分析

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12010年3月5日蜡油加氢裂化装置事故开停工过程分析一装置停工原因1.106-K-102背压蒸汽压力达到4.3MPa,造成汽轮机出口背压蒸汽线上安全阀(放空口为一向下弯头)起跳,并且安全阀未能及时复位,现场大量蒸汽喷向地面并向四周扩散,操作人员无法靠近,不能准确判断具体的泄漏位置,同时避免对系统蒸汽供应产生影响,操作人员在109单元关闭进106装置的9.5MPa蒸汽手阀,循环氢压缩机K102停运,低速泄压阀启动,装置紧急停工。二事故停、开工经过3月5日5:46装置紧急停工,K102停机,反应系统7bar紧急泄压。泄压前后床层温度对比如下:R101A紧急泄压床层温度变化温度点5:46泄压开始温度6:24泄压结束温度泄压温降二床入口377.63362.215.43三床入口379.05362.0916.96四床入口381.7357.424.3五床入口374.335222.3六床入口364.7352.312.4R101B紧急泄压床层温度变化温度点5:46泄压开始温度6:24泄压结束温度泄压温降二床入口374.88362.0512.83三床入口380.84365.5215.32四床入口380.42356.4423.98五床入口375.95354.8421.11六床入口366.05346.0220.031.3月5日7:11时向反应系统补氢充压,同时通过7bar放空泄压。在开K102之前R101A五床层温度升高约30℃,升至380℃,其他床层没有出现明显温升。为了及时开启循环氢压缩机K102恢复生产,通过新氢压缩机K101三2回一将系统压力升至1.8MPa,9:38时开循环氢压缩机转速升至1000rpm;37.5min后转速升至3100rpm,防喘振阀打开,循环氢量20000m3/h;30min后循环氢压缩机转速升至5300rpm,R101A第五床层温升得以控制;10min后(11:05时)循环氢压缩机转速升至6350rpm,R101A/B第5、第6床层冷氢阀全开,此时R101A/B第六床层温度已快速升高,最终R101A列在11:14时出现下降拐点,而R101B则在此时飞速上升,在11:17时最高点温度达到800℃,3分钟后床层温度开始下降。反应器床层继续循环降温至200℃,反应系统压力逐渐往10MPa控制。分馏系统热油运短循环,吸收稳定三塔循环。2.3月5日19:06时开进料泵,反应系统开始进料,装置进入正常开工程序。3月6日15:00时柴油改入产品罐,15:36时重石改入产品罐;17:05时轻石、航煤改入产品罐。三、开工正常后遗留的主要问题及处理建议3月6日下午柴油产品质量发黄,尾油硫含量505ppm(正常小于30),热低分油S:318ppm、N:141ppm(正常S:90;N:3-5)。通过分别对E104A/B管程出口采样目测,发现R101A生成油颜色蓝而透明,R101B生成油颜色很黄,从而确定B系列高压换热器内漏,造成原料油泄漏至反应生成油中。通过对E104B、E102B/D、E101B管壳程出入口温度数据分析,怀疑E101B的内漏可能性最大。R101B高压换热器管壳程出入口最高点温度如下:E101B管程入口TI12505590.5E101B壳程入口TI12504459.4E101B管程出口TI12502510E101B壳程出口TI12506550E102C/D管程入口TI12502510E102C/D壳程入口TI12407308E102C/D管程出口TI12501434E102C/D壳程出口TI12503477.9E104B管程入口TI12404356.6E104B壳程入口TI12401102.14E104B管程出口TI12403349.68E104B壳程出口TI12407308四经验教训1、对装置催化剂的性能估计认识不足,未预想到系统压力1.8MPa左右,反应催化剂床层加氢反应激烈导致大量反应热产生,而此时由于K102正在升速过程3中,短时间内没有冷氢可用无法带走反应热。2、反应器床层发生超温事故或循环机故障停运事故,系统泄压要一泄到底,至0.1MPa左右,避免催化剂床层温度进一步升高。在反应床层温度超温阶段将反应系统压力泄放至最低是非常有效的降温方式。3、循环机开机程序过程共需要1.5h才能够带负荷运行。延误了通过冷氢量来控制床层温度的时间。4、装置紧急泄压后,系统压力至0.1MPa左右时,如果反应器床层温度下降幅度不大(仍能大于300℃),则必须通过补入纯度99.99%的高纯氮气,边充边放反应器床层降温至200℃后才可以重新恢复进料。5、循环机K102出口4.0MPa氮气日常生产中盲板要处于通状态,三阀组双阀开,低点放空开,保证随时处于备用状态。在紧急停工过程中及时联系化验对4.0MPa氮气进行纯度分析,保证合格。6、加强队反应器床层超温和循环机故障停运的反事故处理能力培训工作。4附件一:PIC30401操作记录PIC30401操作记录M2010-03-0505:14:12109DM110903P_3PIC30401MAAutotoManual\parM2010-03-0505:14:17109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT48.70to47.70\parM2010-03-0505:14:17109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT47.70to46.70\parM2010-03-0505:14:20109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT46.70to45.70\parM2010-03-0505:14:37109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT45.70to44.70\parM2010-03-0505:14:37109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT44.70to43.70\parM2010-03-0505:14:38109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT43.70to42.70\parM2010-03-0505:14:58109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT42.70to41.70\parM2010-03-0505:14:58109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT41.70to40.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:01109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT40.70to39.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:01109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT39.70to38.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:04109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT38.70to37.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:04109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT37.70to36.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:11109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT36.70to35.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:12109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT35.70to34.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:13109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT34.70to33.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:18109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT33.70to32.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:19109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT32.70to31.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:20109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT31.70to30.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:27109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT30.70to29.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:27109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT29.70to28.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:28109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT28.70to27.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:35109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT27.70to26.70\parM2010-03-0505:15:35109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT26.70to25.70\parM2010-03-0505:16:03109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT25.70to26.70\parM2010-03-0505:16:03109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT26.70to27.70\parM2010-03-0505:16:04109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT27.70to28.70\parM2010-03-0505:16:04109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT28.70to29.70\parM2010-03-0505:16:04109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT29.70to30.70\parM2010-03-0505:16:05109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT30.70to31.70\parM2010-03-0505:16:05109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT31.70to32.70\parM2010-03-0505:16:07109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT32.70to33.70\parM2010-03-0505:16:13109DM110903P_3PIC30401OUT33.70to32.70\parM2010-03-0505:16:31109DM110903P_3PIC30401MAManualtoAuto\par5PIC30401趋势曲线图6PIC30401控制流程简图7附件2:01000002000003000004000005000006000009:00:009:10:309:21:009:31:309:42:009:52:3010:03:0010:13:3010:24:0010:34:3010:45:0010:55:3011:06:0011:16:3011:27:0011:37:3011:48:0011:58:30时间循环氢流量/Nm3/h01000200030004000500060007000转速/rpm循环氢流量循环氢压缩机转速(循环机转速与循环氢量的关系图)9:38开循环氢压缩机,系统压力1.8MPa,转速升至1000rpm;37.5min后转速逐渐升至3100rpm,循环氢20000m3/h左右;30min后循环氢压缩机转速逐渐升至5300rpm,循环氢量40000m3左右。10min后循环氢压缩机转速升至6350rpm。(共用时1h27min)801234569:00:009:05:309:11:009:16:309:22:009:27:309:33:009:38:309:44:009:49:309:55:0010:00:3010:06:0010:11:3010:17:0010:22:3010:28:0010:33:3010:39:0010:44:3010:50:0010:55:3011:01:0011:06:3011:12:0011:17:3011:23:0011:28:3011:34:0011:39:3011:45:0011:50:3011:56:00时间压力/MPa0100002000030000400005000060000700008000090000100000流量/Nm3/h系统压力新氢进装置流量(系统压力及新氢进装置流量)系统压力随时间变化:9:38循环机开机时,系统压力1.8MPa,随后系统压力逐渐向3MPa升压;10:06系统压力升至3.03MPa;因第五床层温度已上升至395℃,因此又通过紧急泄压降低系统压力;此时床层温度逐渐上升。10:27反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