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第一部分殖民时期一、时期综述（关于清教的应该都是重点）1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：A、narratives日记B、journals游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：①theirvoyagetothenewland②adaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops③aboutdealingwithIndians④guidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit★3、清教徒的想法：①Puritanswanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.净化信仰和行为方式②wishtorestoresimplicitytochurchservicesandtheauthorityoftheBibletotheology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位③lookuponthemselvesasachosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGod’swillandisnottobeaccepted.认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝。④Puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步。⑤religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒：JohnCottonandRogerWilliams他们的不同：JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy.WilliamsbeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.5、Williams的宗教观点：Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromtheideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGod.行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：AnneBradstreet7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTaylor.第二部分理性和革命时期一、时期综述1、美国的性质：ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic–theUnitedStatesofAmerica.联邦的资产阶级民主共和国——美利坚合众国。二、代表作家：1、BenjaminFranklin本杰明.弗兰克林①代表作：“PoorRichard’sAlmanac”穷人理查德的年鉴annualcollectionofproverbs流行谚语集Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklin’sshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputation.机智、幽默、风趣成为最畅销的书籍，弗兰克林的成名作。②FoundtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题。③establishedAmerica’sfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege—UniversityofPennsylvania.建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学—就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。④firstappliedtheterms“positive”and“negative”toelectricalcharges.在电子运动中，首次使用了电流中的“正电”和“负电”的专业术语。⑤AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultnegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。⑥Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才。⑦“Autobiography”自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、ThomasPaine托马斯.佩因“GreatCommonerofMankind”最平凡的人①famouspamphlet“CommonSense”著名的政治小册子《常识》，itboldlyadvocateda“DeclarationforIndependence”,andbroughttheseparatistagitationtoacrisis.拥护“独立宣言”，使分裂活动发展成最后危机。②“AmericanCrisis”《美国危机》,signed“CommonSense”.署名为“常识”。（P31，第一段看一下）3、ThomasJefferson托马斯.杰弗逊①draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.起草了独立宣言。②与清教不一样，主张追求幸福。AllMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthePursuitofHappiness.人人生而平等，他们都从他们的“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。4、PhilipFreneau菲利浦.弗瑞诺poetandpoliticaljournalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者。①perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-Revolutionaryperiod.可能是革命战争后期最杰出的作家。②hasbeencalledthe“FatherofAmericanPoetry”美国诗歌之父第三部分浪漫主义时期一、文学特征：1、environment：①shapedbytheirNewWorldenvironment美洲大陆新环境②arrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditionsofEurope.欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2、美国文学特点:pluralistic多元化，manifestations表现形式:Varied多样,Individualistic个人主义,Conflicting矛盾3、romanticism的特点：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics;moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。★4、transcendentalism超验主义：①asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。②theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。③theybelievedinthetranscendenceof“Oversoul,”anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。④itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Thenaturalimplicationofallthiswas,ofcourse,thatthingsinnaturetendedtobecomesymbolic,andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual.ThisinturnaddedtothetraditionofliterarysymbolisminAmericanliterature.⑤代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭罗，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”5、Literaryforms文学形式：Novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmerica’sprincipalliteraryforms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。6、Imaginativeliterature想象类文学7、thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatillustratedmorallaw.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。8、ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。9、Nationalismstimul