装修基础报价清单

arXiv:physics/0112067v1[physics.gen-ph]20Dec2001ASTUDYOFTHEENERGYEFFICIENCYOFHADRONICREACTORSOFMOLECULARTYPEA.K.Aringazin1,2andR.M.Santilli21InstituteforBasicResearch,DepartmentofTheoreticalPhysics,EurasianNationalUniversity,Astana473021Kazakstan2InstituteforBasicResearch,P.O.Box1577,PalmHarbor,FL34682,[e-mail]5,2000;RevisedOctober10,2001FinalversionDecember9,2001AbstractInthispaper,weintroduceanestimateofthe”commercialeffi-ciency”ofSantilli’shadronicreactorsTMofmoleculartype[1](PatentedandInternationalPatentsPending)whichconvertaliquidfeedstock(suchasautomotiveantifreeandoilwaste,cityorfarmliquidwaste,crudeoil,etc.)intothecleanburningmagnegasTMplusheatacquiredbytheliquidfeedstock.Theconversionisdoneviaanewprocessbasedonacertainflowoftheliquidfeedstockthroughasubmergedelectricarcbetweencarbon-baseelectrodesandotherfeatures.The”commercialefficiency”isdefinedastheratiobetweenthetotalen-ergyoutput(energyinmagnegasplusheat)andtheelectricenergyusedforitsproduction,whilethe”scientificefficiency”istheusualratiobetweenthetotalenergyoutputandthetotalenergyinput(thesumoftheelectricenergyplustheenergyintheliquidfeedstockaswellasthatinthecarbonelectrodes).Needlesstosay,thescientificefficiencyisalwayssmallerthanonebecauseoftheconservationofenergy.However,apeculiarfeaturesofSantilli’shadronicreactorsofmoleculartypeisthattheircommercialefficiencyisconsiderably0biggerthanone,namely,thereactorsarecapableoftappingenergyfromtheliquidfeedstockandthecarbonrods.Aprimarypurposeofthispaperistoshowthatconventionalthermochemistrydoesin-deedpredictacommercialefficiencybiggerthanone,althoughtheirvaluesisconsiderablysmallerthantheactualefficiencymeasuredinthereactors,thusindicatingtheapplicabilityofthecoveringhadronicchemistryfromwhichthereactorshavereceivedtheirname.UndertheconditionsthatthereactionsrunattemperatureT=25oCandpressurep=1atm,thechemicalcompositionofthecombustiblegasisconventional,andallthermochemicalcalculationsprocessesarecon-ventional,wereachanupperlimitofthecommercialefficiencyof3.11fortheuseofpurewaterasfeedstock,andof3.11to7.5foramixtureofethyleneglicoleandwaterwithincreasingrelativeconsumptionofethyleneglicolewithrespecttotheconsumptionofcarbonrods.Thestudyoftheheatproducedbythereactionsleadstolargedivergenciesbetweenthethermochemicalpredictionsandexperimentaldataofatleastafactorofthree.Suchdivergenciescanonlybeexplainedwithdeviationsfromquantumchemistryinfavorofthecoveringhadronicchemistryand.Inparticular,theindicatedlargedivergenciescanonlybeexplainedwiththeassumptionthattheproducedcombustiblegashasthenewnon-valencechemicalstructureofSantillimagnecules.11IntroductionInthispaper,weintroduceanestimateofthe”commercialefficiency”ofSan-tilli’shadronicreactorsTMofmoleculartype[1](PatentedandInternationalPatentsPending)whichconvertaliquidfeedstockintothecleanburningmagnegasTMplusheatacquiredbytheliquidfeedstock.Thereactorsoperateviaanewprocessbasedonacertainflowoftheliquidfeedstockthroughasubmergedelectricarcbetweensubmergedcarbon-baseelectrodes(forwhichreasonthereactorsarealsocalledPlasmaArcFlowTMreactors)andotherfeatures.The”commercialefficiency”[1]isdefinedastheratiobetweenthetotalenergyoutput(energyinmagnegasplusheat)andtheelectricenergyusedforitsproduction,whilethe”scientificefficiency”istheusualratiobetweenthetotalenergyoutputandthetotalenergyinput(thesumoftheelectricenergyplustheenergyintheliquidfeedstockaswellasthatinthecar-bonelectrodes).Unlessotherwisespecified,theword”efficiency”isreferredhereontothe”commercialefficiency.”Thelatternameoriginatesfromthefactthatliquidwastescarryanincome,ratherthanhavingacostand,forthisreason,theyarenotincludedincommercialcalculationsofoperatingcosts.Needlesstosay,thescientificefficiencyisalwayssmallerthanonebe-causeoftheconservationofenergy.However,apeculiarfeatureofSantilli’shadronicreactorsofmoleculartypeisthattheircommercialefficiencyiscon-siderablybiggerthanone,namely,thereactorsarecapableoftappingenergyfromtheliquidfeedstockandthecarbonrods.Aprimarypurposeofthispaperistoshowthatconventionalthermochem-istrydoesindeedpredictsacommercialefficiencybiggerthanone,althoughtheirvaluesisconsiderablysmallerthantheactualefficiencymeasuredinthereactors,thusindicatingtheapplicabilityofthecoveringhadronicchemistryfromwhichthereactorshavereceivedtheirname.Byitselementarychemicalcontent,magnegasissimilartothewatergas,orsynthesisgas,althoughweshouldemphasizethatmagnegasisproducedunderaDCelectricarc,andrevealsanunusualchemicalstructurecharacter-izedbythepresenceofheavymolecularmassclusters,whichhavenotbeenidentifiedbyGasChromatographyMass-SpectroscopyandInfraRedspec-troscopy(GC-MS/IR)testsamongabout135,000species[1,2].Thisfeaturemaybenaturallyattributedtotheinfluenceoftheplasmaarcandrelated2strongexternalmagneticfieldwhichcanleadtonewcouplingsofCOandH2moleculesandotherneweffects.InSecs.2and3,weconsiderindetailconventionalchemicalreactionsinaPlasmaArcFlowreactoroperatingwithpurewaterorethyleneglicoleandwatermixturesasfeedstock.WetreatthegasproducedasasimplemixtureofcarbonmonoxideCOandhydrogenH2viewedasidealgases,tosimplifyconsi