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AnalyticalListeningRadioHost:WelcomebacktoTalkRadiotenninety-four.I’myourhost,NancyMorales,andwe’retalkingtodaywithDr.EugeneBateman,apsychologistfromtheNationalUniversity.Goodmorning,Dr.Bateman.Guest:Goodmorning,Nancy.Thankyouforhavingme.RadioHost:Thankyouforbeinghere.Now,yourresearchareaisthehumanfearresponse,ormorespecifically,thequestionofwhetherwelearntobeafraidofcertainthings,orifweinheritsomethingfromourancestorsthattriggersourfear.TobecontinuedListening1AnalyticalListeningGuest:That’sright,Nancy,andwe’retalkingaboutourdistant,distantancestors—peoplewholivedalongtimeago—tensofthousandsofyearsago.Backthen,reactingquicklytosomethinglikea,likeafallingrockorahungrylionwasagoodqualityinahumanbeing.Itmeantthatheorshewasmorelikelytosurvive,morelikelytolivelongenoughtohavechildren,andmorelikelytopassontheirgenestotheirchildren.RadioHost:OK,butpeopletodaydon’thavetodealwithhungrylionsveryoften.So,whatdoesthefearresponsedoforus?TobecontinuedListening1AnalyticalListeningGuest:Well,itstillkeepsusoutoftroubleandhelpsustosurvive.Imaginethatyou’redrivingacar,andthecarinfrontofyousuddenlystops.There’saseriesofeventsthattakesplaceinourbrainsthatmakesourbodiesreact—inthiscase,byputtingourfootonthebrakes—thattakesplacebeforeweevenrealizewhatishappening.Itallhappensmuchfasterthanourconsciousthoughtprocesses.RadioHost:Thatsoundslikeaprettyusefulphenomenon.Doesitconfirmthatwedoinheritourknowledgeofwhattofearfromourancientancestors?Guest:Yes,andno.Someinterestingexperimentswereconductedwithmonkeysthatwereraisedinalaboratory.Thesemonkeyshadzeroexperiencewithbeingoutdoors,right?Sothey—theresearchers—showedthemonkeyssomesnakes.TobecontinuedListening1AnalyticalListeningRadioHost:Andwerethelabmonkeysafraidofthesnakes?Guest:Notatall,atleast—notatfirst.Thentheresearchersshowedthemonkeysvideosofwildmonkeyshavingafearfulreactiontosnakes.Afterthat,thelabmonkeysbecameafraidofsnakestooastheylearnedtoassociatethesightofasnakewithafearfulreaction.RadioHost:Sotheylearnedthefearfromthewildmonkeys,inasense.Guest:That’sright,buthere’stheinterestingpart.Whentheresearcherschangedthevideossothatthewildmonkeysappearedtobeafraidofflowers,thelabmonkeysdevelopednofearofflowersatall!RadioHost:Huh...smartmonkeys.TobecontinuedListening1AnalyticalListeningGuest:Exactly,andthat’swheretheinheritedaspectoffearcomesintothepicture.Whatweinheritisatendencytofearcertainthings—thesamethingsourancientancestorsfeared.Ontheotherhand,wehavetolearnfromothersaroundusaswell;otherwise,thefearresponsedoesn’toccur.RadioHost:Thatisveryinteresting.Fearseemslikesuchabasicresponse.Itwouldn’thaveoccurredtomethatwewouldneedtolearnitfromanyone.Andisitthesameforpeopleasformonkeys?Guest:Itseemstobe,yes,butthat’sexactlythequestionthatmyresearchishopingtoanswer.RadioHost:ThenIwishyouluckwithyourresearch.Ladiesandgentlemen,Dr.EugeneBateman.Guest:Thankyou.Thanksverymuch,Nancy.Listening1AnalyticalListeningLeo:So,didyouenjoytheparty?Reba:Idid.Itwasreallynicetomeetallofthepeopleyouworkwith.They’reabigpartofyourlife,afterall.Leo:Yeah,sometimestoobigapart,maybe.Reba:Oh,comeon.Theyseemlikeprettynicepeople—especiallyGloria.Shesaid“hi”tomerightaway.Ithoughtshewasreallycharming.Ilovedthestoryshetoldusabouthercaraccident.Thatwasprettyfunny.Leo:Right...shecanmakeanythingseemfunny.Iguessallofmyco-workershavetheirpositiveattributes.Reba:Likeyourmanager.Whenyougotalittlebitupsetaboutthefoodarrivinglate,hemadesureeveryoneknewitwasn’tGloria’sfault.Imean,shemayhavechosenthecaterer,buttheybroughtthefoodlate,nother.TobecontinuedListening2AnalyticalListeningLeo:Yeah,that’strue.He’salwaysdoingthingslikethat.He’sareallyniceguy.He’sprettyextroverted,sohelikestotalktoeveryone.Andifsomebodyisfeelingawkward,hesayssomethingtomakethemfeelcomfortable.He’sgotgreatsocialskills,whichIguessispartofthereasonwhyhe’ssuchagoodmanager.Reba:Thatisanimportantqualityinamanager.ButwhataboutToby?Itriedtotalktohimatonepoint,buthe,hejustwalkedaway.Itseemedlikehewasavoidinganykindofinteraction.Ishejustreallyshyorsomething?Leo:Yeah,Tobyisreallyintroverted,andIthinkheexperiencesalotofanxietywhenhe’saroundalotofpeople,especiallynewpeople.He’sreallyaniceguythoughandagoodco-worker,andhe’sfinewithsmallergroupsofpeople—likewhenwegooutforlunchtogether.He’sfinethen.TobecontinuedListening2AnalyticalListeningReba:Isee.Allinall,itwasagoodparty.Ihadfun.Leo:Good,I’mglad.Ihadfun,too.Andnowthatyou’vemetthepeopleIworkwith,maybewecandothingswiththemsometimes.Reba:Yeah,shouldweinvitesomeofthemoverfordinnersometime?Leo:Well,thatmightbetoomuch.ButI’denjoymeetingthematarestaurantfordinnerorgoingtoasoccergametogether,orsomethinglikethat.Reba:So,youdon’twantthemcomingtoourhouse?Leo:Yougotit.I’dratherkeepatleastalittledistancebetweenmyworklifeandmypersonallife.Listening2ViewingtheWorldOnMay6th,1856,SigmundFreudwasborninwhatistodaytheCzechRepublic.And150yearslater...themanknownasthefoundingfatherofpsychotherapyisstillgeneratingcontroversy.It’sthecityofVienna,wherethefamilymovedwhenSigmundwasayoungchild,that’smostassociatedwithFreud.Her