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英语基础写作EnglishWritingWuHaiping(武海平)Agametostartwith...AgametostartwithTitanicisgoingtosink...Thereare8passengers.However,thereareonly7seatsinthelifeboat.Thepassengers:1acleaner2adoctor3afarmer4asinger5ateacher6apregnantwoman7apolicewoman8acollegestudentPart1ManuscriptForm文稿格式Whatisagoodmanuscriptform?writingthetitle写标题leavingmargins纸边留空indenting段落开端缩进capitalizing大写dividingwords词的移行1Arrangement安排Abouttitles关于题目1)writethetitleinthemiddleofthefirstline.题目应写在第一行的中间Abouttitles关于题目2）capitalizethefirstandlastwordsofthetitleandallotherwords.题目的第一个和最后一个词应用大写字母开始。3)(includingwordsfollowinghypensincompoundwords包括复合词中在连字符后面的词)Abouttitles关于题目4）exceptarticles,coornidatingconjunctions,shortprepositions,andthetoininfinitives.但冠词、并列连词、介词和不定时的to除外5）Noperiodisusedattheendofatitle.题目后不加句号Abouttitles关于题目6）useaquestionmarkifthetitleisadirectquestion,butdonotuseoneifthetitleiaanindirctquestion如果题目是疑问句，应加问号：如果是间接引语形式的疑问句，则不加问号Abouttitles关于题目7）usequotationmarkswithquotesortitlesofarticles题目中的引用词语或文章的标题，应加引号。8)underline/italicizenamesofbooks.书名应用斜体或在下面划线Indentthefirstlineofeveryparagraph,leavingaspaceofabout4or5letters.每段的开头应缩进，即留出4到5个字母的空白。Part1ManuscriptForm文稿格式Part1ManuscriptForm文稿格式1Arrangement安排2Capitalization大写3WordDivision移行4Punctuation标点5Handwriting书法鸡肉炒面Chickenchowmein视频\中餐速成.Chinese.Food.Made.Easy鸡肉炒面.mp4利伯缇大学公开课：英文写作AmericanLibertyUniversityPart2TheSentenceⅠ.CompleteSentencesandSentencesFragments完整句和不完全句subject主语predicateverb谓语动词transitiveverb及物动词object宾语link-verb系动词predicative表语complement补语attributes定语adverbials状语逗号错commafaultTheuseofacommainplaceofaperiod,asemicolon,acolon,oradashinEnglishwritingiscalledthecommafault.中文里可以用逗号将两个完整的句子分开，英文则不可以。英文里需要用句号，分号、冒号、破折号分开两个句子，否则就叫“逗号错”P35Ⅱ.TypeofSentences句子类型(use)1.Declarative,interrogative,imperative,andexclamatorysentences陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句1.declarativesentence陈述句Sheismyfiance.2.interrogative疑问句Whoisyourfavouriteauthor?3.imperativesentence祈使句Don'ttouchme.4.exclamatorysentence感叹句Howwellyoulook!Whatamess!P35Ⅱ.TypeofSentences句子类型(structure)2.simple,compound,complex,orcompound-complexsentences简单句、并列句、复合句或并列复合句simplesentence简单句Ithasonesubjectandonepredicateverb.Toseeistobelieve.compoundsentence并列句Itconsistsof2ormoresimplesentencesandlinkedbyand,but,or,etc.Honeyissweet,butthebeestings.complexsentence复合句Itcontainsonemain(principle)clauseandoneormoredependent(subordinate)clause.Whoevercomesiswelcome.Thequestionishowhedidit.IbelievethatIcanfly.Allthatglittersisnotgold.Youareabletogowhereveryoulike.compound-complexsentence并列复合句ADaytoRemember3.loose,periodic,andbalancedsentences松散句、圆周句（掉尾句）或对偶句P37Ⅱ.TypeofSentences句子类型(rhetorical修辞的pointofview)松散句Aloosesentenceputsthemainideafirst,andletsthereaderknowwhatitismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.圆周句Inaperiodicsentence,themainideaisexpressedatorneartheendofit.对偶句Whenasentencecontainstwoparallelclausessimilarinstructurebutcontrastedinmeaning,itisabalancedsentence.Loosesentencesareeasier,simpler,morenaturalanddirect.Periodicsentencesaremorecomplex,formalandliterary.Balancedsentencesareimpressive.Theyaremainlyusedinformalwriting,likeexpository说明的andargumentative议论的proseandspeeches.MyNationalDayP41Ⅲ.EffectiveSentences有效句1.Unity统一性2.Coherence连贯性3.Conciseness简洁性4.Emphasis强调性5.Variety多样性P411.Unity统一性Aunifiedsentenceexpressesasinglecompletethought.Itdoesnotcontainideasthatarenotcloselyrelated,nordoesitexpressathoughtthatisnotcompletebyitself.Ⅲ.EffectiveSentences有效句1.Unity统一性2.Coherence连贯性3.Conciseness简洁性4.Emphasis强调性5.Variety多样性2.Coherence连贯性Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.P422.Coherence连贯性1)faultyparallelconstructions平行结构使用有误2)pronounswithambiguousreference代词指代不明3)dangling(mispalced)modifiers垂悬修饰语（使用不当的修饰语）4)confusingshiftsinpersonandnumberorinvoice,tenseandmood.人称、数、语气和语态上的变动混乱Ⅲ.EffectiveSentences有效句1.Unity统一性2.Coherence连贯性3.Conciseness简洁性4.Emphasis强调性5.Variety多样性P463.Conciseness简洁性Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywords.Iftheideaisfullyexpressed,thefewerwordsareused,thebetter.Wordinessonlyobscurestheidea.Ⅲ.EffectiveSentences有效句1.Unity统一性2.Coherence连贯性3.Conciseness简洁性4.Emphasis强调性5.Variety多样性P494.Emphasis强调性Whenthereisanimportantidea,itshouldbeexpressedwithemphasis.(1)Emphaticsentences整句强调1.shortsentences短句2.sentencefragments不完整句3.invertedsentences倒装句4.parallelconstructionsandbalancedsentences平行结构和对称句5.periodicsentences圆周句6.imperativeandexclamatorysentences祈使句和感叹句7.Rhetoricalquestions修辞问句或反问句8.negative-positivesentences否定肯定句9.Sentenceswithrepeatedwordsorphrases有重复词或短语的句子(2)Emphasiswithinthesentence句内强调1placing位置2repetition重复3theverbandactivevoice动词和主动语态4subordination从属5emphaticwordsandphrases表示强调的词或短语6alliteration头韵P63PartFour:TheParagraph段落Aparagraphislikeamini-essay;itshouldbeunified,coherentandwelldeveloped.Ⅰ.EffectiveParagraphs有效段落1.unity统一性Ifallthesentencesinaparagraphleadtoonecentraltheme,theparagraphisunified.Thecentralthemeisusuallysummarizedinwhatiscalledthetopicsentence.P62P63P65Ⅰ.EffectiveParagraphs有效段落2.Coherence连贯性WaysofDevelopingParagraphs段落的展开法1.Developmentbytime按时间展开2.Developmentbyprocess按过程展开3.Developmentb