初中语法:被动语态【知识总结归纳】一.概念:表示动作与主语之间是被动关系的句子是被动语态。二.主动语态与被动语态之间如何转换Wevisitedthatfactorylastsummer主动语态主语谓语宾语状语Thatfactorywasvisitedbyuslastsummer被动语态主语谓语宾语状语三.各种不同时态的主动语态与被动语态的对比时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时am/is/are+doneDotheyspeakFrench?IsFrenchspokenbythem?一般过去时was/were+doneThehunterkilledatiger.Atigerwaskilledbythehunter.现在进行时am/is/are+being+doneTheseworkersarebuildinganewbridge.Anewbridgeisbeingbuiltbytheseworkers.过去进行时was/were+being+doneHewassellingbooks.Bookswerebeingbuiltbyhim.现在完成时have/has+been+doneShehaslearnedmanyEnglishwords.ManyEnglishwordshavebeenlearnedbyher.过去完成时had+been+doneTheyhassolvedtheproblem.Theproblemhadbeensolvedbythem.一般将来时shall/willbe+doneIshallmakeaplan.Aplanwillbemadebyme.过去将来时wouldbe+doneHetoldmetheywouldpainttheroom.Hetoldmetheroomwouldbepaintedbythem.情态动词can/may/must/should+be+doneWeshouldhandinourhomework.Ourhomeworkshouldbehandedinbyus.四.如何正确使用被动语态1.有些动词带有两个宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语,变被动语态时,可把其中一个宾语变成主语,另一个留在被动结构谓语后面。需要注意的是:若把直接宾语变成被动语态的主语,需要在间接宾语之间加上介词“to”。eg.Heoftentellsusinterestingstories.(主动语态).himbyustotoldoftenarestoriesgInterestin.himbystoriesginterestintoldoftenareWe(被动语态)▲常带双宾语的词有:give,tell,show,lend,pass等。2.在行为动词have,make,let以及感官动词see,watch,notice,feel等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中to被省略,但在被动语态中,要加to。eg.Ioftenhearhersingthispopularsong.(主动语态)Sheisoftenheardtosingthispopularsong.(被动语态)Someonesawastrangewalkintothebuilding.(主动语态)Astrangewasseentowalkintothebuilding.(被动语态)3.有些“be+过去分词”的结构并不是被动语态,它们有可能是“系表结构(即系动词之后由过去分词来充当表语)。”比较:(1))()(.FengpingbyclosedisdoorThe.closedisdoorThe被动语态。这个门是由冯平来关的系表结构门是关着的。(2))()(.MarybybrokenwasglassThe.brokenisglassThe被动语态。的这个玻璃杯是玛丽弄坏系表结构。这个玻璃杯是坏的4.只有及物动词和可有宾语的动词+介词词组才可以有被动语态。eg.)()(.ChinainplacetakenbeenhavechangesGreat.ChinainplacetakenhavechangesGreat错误正确)()(.seadeeptheinddisappearewasdolphinThe.seadeeptheinddisappearedolphinThe错误正确五.其他考点1.有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例ThemeetingistobeputofftillFriday.2.非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing形式及不定式todo也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。例Idon'tlikebeinglaughedatinthepublic.3.如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1).讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by短语)。例Mybikewasstolenlastnight.2)借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldaccepttheoffer.4.Itissaidthat+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+todosth.”。有:Itissaidthat…据说Itisreportedthat…据报道Itisbelievedthat…大家相信Itishopedthat…大家希望Itiswellknownthat…众所周知Itisthoughtthat…大家认为Itissuggestedthat…据建议例Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.=Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.5.谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1).英语中有很多动词如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例Thiskindofclothwasheswell.Thepenwritessmoothly.注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较:Thedoorwon'tlock.(指门本身有毛病)Thedoorwon'tbelocked.(指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因)2)表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout,comeabout,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主动形式表示被动意义。例Howdothenewspaperscomeout?这些报纸是如何印出来的呢?3)系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,sound,taste,look,smell等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.Theflowersmellsnice.6.非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。1).在need,want,require,bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例Thehouseneedsrepairing(toberepaired).这房子需要修理。2).形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例Thepicture-bookiswellworthreading.=Thepicture-bookisveryworthytoberead.3).在某些“形容词+todo”动词不定式与句子的主语尽管存在着动宾关系,但往往用主动形式表达被动意义。例Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.Theplaceisnoteasytofindonthemap.4).在too…to…结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例Thisbookistooexpensive(forme)tobuy.7.被动表主动意义英语中有些“及物动词+反身代词”结构,表示动作反射到动作执行者本身,即主语既是动作的执行者又是动作的承受者。常见的词还有dress,hide,develop等。Theboylosthimselfintheforest.=TheboywaslostintheforestSheseatedherselfatthebackofthehall.=Shewasseatedatthebackofthehall.七.介词in,on,under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。1.“under+名词”结构,表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有:undercontrol(受控制),undertreatment(在治疗中),underrepair(在修理中),underdiscussion(在讨论中),underconstruction(在施工中)。例Thebuildingisunderconstruction(isbeingconstructed).2.“on+名词”结构,表示“在从事……中”。常见的有:onsale(出售),onshow(展出),ontrial(受审)。例Todaysometreasuresareonshowinthemuseum(=arebeingshowed).3.“outof+名词”结构;表示“超出……之外“,常见的有:outofcontrol(控制不了),outofsight(超出视线之外),outofone’sreach(够不着),outoffashion(不流行)等。例Theplanewasoutofcontrol(can’tbecontrolled).选择1.AtalkonChinesehistoryintheschoolhallnextweek.A.begivenB.hasbeengivenC.willbegivenD.willgive2.Tomakeourcitymorebeautiful,rubbishintotheriver.A.needn’tbethrownB.mustn’tbethrownC.can’tthrowD.maynotthrow3.Youmaygofishingifyourwork.A.isdoneB.willbedoneC.hasdoneD.havedone4.Thetreesmustthreetimesaweek.A.waterB.iswateringC.bewateredD.waters5.—Iwon’tcometothepartyunlessSue,too.—YoumeanifSuecomesyou’llcome?A.willinviteB.invitesC.invitedD.isinvited6.Ilikemynewbike.Itverywell.A.ridesB.isridingC.isriddenD.hasridden7.Mr.Chenhasaloudvoice.Hisvoicecanclearlyeveninthatbigclassroom.A.hearB.beheardC.behearingD.haveheard8.—It’stimetodoyourhomework,Ja