中国国家概况 哲学思想简介

ConfucianismChinesePhilosophy壹贰叁肆伍AncientdevelopmentImpactonJapanCharactersofConfucianismImpact&SpreadingConfucius&ConfucianismOneofthemostfamouspeopleinancientChinawasawisephilosophernamedConfucius(551-479BC).HesometimeswentbythenamesKongZi.HewasborninthevillageofZouinthecountryofLu.ConfuciusGivenname:QiuCourtesyname:ZhongniState:LuBornin551B.CDiedin479B.CFounderoftheConfucianschoolandConfuciansmSymbolofChinesecultureMainthought:HumanityandRitualSaying:Itissuchadelighttohavefriendscomingfromafar.Confucius&ConfucianismConfucianismdevelopedfromwhatwaslatercalledtheHundredSchoolsofThought（诸子百家）fromtheteachingsoftheChinesephilosopherConfucius(551–479BCE),whoconsideredhimselfaretransmitterofthevaluesoftheZhoudynastygoldenageofseveralcenturiesbefore.ConfucianismisaChineseethicalandphilosophicalsystemdevelopedfromtheteachingsoftheChinesephilosopherConfucius(KǒngFūzǐ,orK'ung-fu-tzu,lit.MasterKong,551–478BC).Confucianismoriginatedasan“ethical-sociopoliticalteaching”duringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,butlaterdevelopedmetaphysical(形而上学)andcosmological(宇宙学).ThecoreofConfucianismishumanism,thebeliefthathumanbeingsareteachable,improvableandperfectiblethroughpersonalandcommunalendeavourespeciallyincludingself-cultivation(修身)andself-creation.AncientdevelopmentofConfucianismTheConfucianismwasfoundedinthespringandautumnperiodDuringthewarringstatesperiod,allschoolsofthoughtscontendforattentionanddeveloped.InQindynasty,legalistsimplementation,buryingConfucianismandConfuciandisappeared.TheHandynasty,rejectingtheotherschoolsofthoughtandrespectConfucianismandConfucianismappeared.WiththerecessionofHanandtheriseofBuddhismandTaoism,theConfucianismwaned(衰退).InTangdynasty,theConfucianismroseagain.InSongdynastyandMingdynasty,theConfucianismwasbrilliant.UptheendoftheQingdynasty,theConfucianismwanedagain.TheGoldenMean：wayofwisdomoftheConfucianschool.Thesocalled“mean”byConfuciusdoesnotmeancompromise(妥协，和解)，buta“moderate”（适度）and“justright”（恰如其分）waywhenunderstandingandhandlingobjectivethings.（中庸）Threecardinalguides(三纲)akingshouldruleoverhissubjects;afather,hisson;ahusband,hiswife.君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲。Thefiveconstantvirtues(五常)Benevolence（仁）Righteousness（义）Propriety（礼）Wisdom（智）Fidelity（信）therootthetrunkthebranchestheflowerthefruitMenciusGivenname:Ke（孟轲）Courtesyname:Ziyu（子舆）OneofthemainrepresentativesofConfucianismMainthought:people-orientedthoughts（人本）Saying:Thepeoplearethemostimportantelementinastate;nextarethegodsoflandandgrain;leastistherulerhimself.（民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻）XunciusAfamousrepresentativeofConfucianisminthelastWarringState.（inheritedtheConfucianthoughtofli礼）Mainthoughts:Humanbeingsarebornevilbuttheyareperfectiblethougheducation（强调人后天的教化和学习）Saying:Thereisneveranendtolearning.Thedyeextractedfromindigoisbluerthantheplant;soistheicecolderthanthewater.学不可以已。青取之于蓝，而青于蓝；冰，水为之，而寒于水。（劝学）Confucianismisnotconfinedto(局限于)China.NeighboringcountriessuchasJapan,alsoembrace(信奉)Confucianisminitsnationallifeandculture.WhenConfucianismenteredJapan,itdidnotgetattentionexceptforthedissemination(传播)amongsomeupperclassandnoblemen.UntiltheperiodofPrinceShotoku(圣德太子),Confucianismiswidelyspread.Sofar,ConfucianismcomesintothecomprehensivedevelopmentperiodinJapan.ImpactonJapanThedevelopmentofmodernJapanesepolitics,economyandsocialcultureisallinfluencedbyConfucianthoughts；eventheconceptofhumanisminthecontemporaryJapanesesocietyispermeatedthroughbyConfucianethics,andincertaindegree,itformstheJapanesewayofthinkingandaction.ImpactonJapanImpactonPresentChinaItisdeep-rootedinpeople’swayofthinking,behaviornormsandthedevelopmentofthesystemofChina’svariouspolicyformulation(政策制定)andperfection(政策完善)alsohasitsspecifichistoricalandculturalbackground,includingthecontemporaryChina'ssocialnature.Positiveaspects(1)Attachgreatimportancetotheeducation,andcreatetheteachingmethodssuchasaccordingtotheiraptitude(因材施教),payattentiontoindividualdifferencesintheteaching,heuristicteaching.(启发式教学)(2)Payattentiontoethics(伦理),moralcodes(道德准则),righteousness(正义),typicalofhumanism,people-oriented(以人为本).Negativeaspects(1)Emphasizeonindividualsubjectgroups,depresses(压抑)theperson’spersonalities,ignorescharacter,grandunifiedthought.（大统一思想）(2)Moralityandresponsibilitystandardsuppress（抑制）people'screativity.ConfuciusInstitute(孔子学院)ConfuciusInstituteisapubliceducationalorganizationaffiliatedwith（隶属于）theMinistryofEducation(教育部)ofChina,whoseaimistopromoteChineselanguageandculture,supportlocalChineseteachinginternationally,andfacilitateculturalexchanges.ConfuciusInstitutearecommittedto(致力于)theglobalChineselanguageeducationandtotheexchangeoflanguagesacrossculturesbetweenChinaandothercountries.ThefirstConfuciusInstituteopenedon21November2004inSeoul,SouthKorea.Let’swatchavideo习近平出席全英孔子学院年会学生诵习近平诗词