内蒙古地区民居对气候环境的适应ClimateAdaptationofHousesinInnerMongolia主要思路Mainideas•内蒙古地区地域特色、文化历史、气候条件、生产方式InnerMongolia‘sregionalcharacteristics,culture,history,climateconditions,Modeofproduction•蒙古包的来源Theoriginofyurt•蒙古包的结构形式及其各部分组成Yurtstructureanditscomponents•蒙古包如何适应当地生产生活Howdoesyurtsadapttothelocalproductionandliving•蒙古包的缺点及改进方向Shortcomingsandthedirectionofimprovingyurts内蒙古地区简介AboutInnerMongolia•内蒙古自治区位于中国的北部边疆,全区地势较高,平均海拔高度1000米左右,基本上是一个高原型的地貌区。InnerMongolialiesinChina'snorthernfrontier,theregionwasquitehigh,theaverageheightisabout1,000metersabovesealevel,itisaplateauinthelandscapearea.•历史:匈奴(汉)--鲜卑(隋)--柔然--突厥(唐)--蒙古(元)--满清History:Huns(Han)-Clan(SUI)-Rouran-Turki(Tang)-Mongol(Yuan)-QingDynasty内蒙古地区简介AboutInnerMongolia•气候:内蒙古自治区气候以温带大陆性季风气候为主。降水量少而不匀,风大,寒暑变化剧烈。Climate:temperatecontinentalclimateofInnerMongoliamonsoonclimatebased.Fewandunevenrainfall,wind,coldandheatofrapidchange•水资源:河川径流地区分布不均,水资源不平衡;地下水资源平原多、山丘区少,内陆河流域更少Waterresources:theunevengeographicaldistributionofriverrunoff,waterbalance;groundwaterresourcesandmoreplain,hillylittlelessinlandriverbasin•地质条件:地层发育齐全,矿产资源丰富。植物种类较丰富,土壤种类较多,有机质积累较多Geologicalconditions:formationanddevelopmentiscomplete,richinmineralresources.Abundantplantspecies,soiltypemore,moreorganicmatteraccumulation内蒙古地理环境分析内蒙古地理环境分析内蒙古地理环境分析生产方式•畜群是他们主要的生活资料,也是他们的生产资料。狩猎是生活资料和生产资料的补充来源。游牧民族种植业比较小。蒙古包的由来Theoriginofyurts蒙古包的发展、演变过程Yurtdevelopment,evolution•原始时代(洞室)→狩猎时代(窝棚)↓游牧时代(帐篷)→畜牧社会(蒙古包雏形)蒙古包的组成及各部分结构theStructureofYurt围墙Wall围墙是蒙古包的墙体结构。它是以直径不到3cm的柳条截成规定长度,等距打眼后用牛皮条或马鬃绳穿绑成网状。Yurtwallisthewallstructure.Ituseslessthan3cmindiameter,cuttingintospecifiedlengthwicker,offsetdrillingaftertheropewithleatherstripsorwearinghorsehairtiedintoanetwork顶窗Skylight顶窗由木材制成圆形,并在外圈掏出一排孔眼以便插入架杆。Roundtopwindowismadeofwood,andtookoutarowofholesintheouterringinordertoinserttheframebar.顶窗的尺寸决定制作蒙古包其它部件的大小。Thetopofthewindowsizedeterminesthesizeofotherpartsmadeyurts.顶窗Skylight插椽式顶窗与架杆一分为二,便于骆驼运送Insertrafter-typeroofwindowandframebardevidesintotwoparts,makingiteasytobetransported架杆Tube架杆形似伞骨,是蒙古包屋盖部分的重要骨架,是蒙古包上半部的主体。它上联顶窗,下接围墙。Thetubelookslikeumbrellaframe,itisanimportantpartandmaincomponentoftheyurtroof.Itconectsthetopofthewindowandtheunderthefence.立柱Column8片围墙以上的大型蒙古包中,为增加顶窗的稳定性在其下设2根~4根支撑立柱。8wallabovethelargeyurt,inordertoincreasethestabilityofthetopofthewindowconsistsof2~initsfourstandoffs.柱子支撑在顶窗的下表面顶置较宽的三角形支撑架。柱身多彩绘龙、凤、水、云等各种图案。Pillarsunderthewindowinthetopsurfaceofawidetriangleoverheadracks.ColumnMulti-bodypainteddragon,phoenix,water,cloudsandotherpatterns.门Door8片围墙以上的大型蒙古包中,为增加顶窗的稳定性在其下设2根~4根支撑立柱。8wallabovethelargeyurt,inordertoincreasethestabilityofthetopofthewindowconsistsof2~initsfourstandoffs.内部陈设Interiorfurnishings蒙古包的室内陈设体现蒙古人“尚西”、“尚中”、“以西为尊”的观念。MongolianyurtfurnishingsreflectAdvocateWest,AdvocateMiddle“andrespectforthewestconcept.蒙古包对当地气候、生产生活的适应Yurtonthelocalclimate,productionandlifeadaptation蒙古包优势特色Competitivefeatureyurts•蒙古包结构具有力学的优点。哈那、陶脑、乌尼三方构件完美结合,构成一个坚固的蛋壳结构,最大限度地保证自身的稳定性。Yurtstructurehasmechanicaladvantages.Hana,Taobrain,Unniperfectcombinationofthreecomponentsformastrongshellstructure,themaximumguaranteeitsstability.•蒙古包适宜于游牧生活。就地取材、搭盖迅速、拆建容易、搬迁方便。Yurtsuitablefornomadiclife.Localmaterialsandbuiltthequick,easyconstructionanddemolition,relocationeasy.蒙古包对自然条件的适应Adaptationtonaturalconditionsyurt•蒙古包的搭建选址非常讲究。夏营盘的蒙古包搭建在平坦开阔、高原凉爽之地,冬营盘则选择山前避风之处。这些适合气候特征的选址与蒙古包顶窗苫毡、底部围毡(哈雅布琪)的开闭相配合,使蒙古包在炎热的夏季通风凉爽、酷寒的冬季温暖祥和,仅靠草原上少量的牛粪即可维持日常的能量消耗。•Locationisveryparticularabouttheyurtstructures.SummerCampofyurtssetupinthewide,flatplateaucoolplace,shelteredPiedmontWinterCamp,selectplace.Theclimaticcharacteristicsofthesiteselectionforthetopofthewindowwiththatchfeltyurt,thebottomoftherugs(Hayabuqi)matchtheopeningandclosing,soyurtcoolduringthehotsummerair,thedepthofwinterwarmthandharmony,relyingonthesmallprairieDungtomaintaindailyenergyconsumption.蒙古包对自然条件的适应Adaptationtonaturalconditionsyurt•自匈奴时代开始,蒙古包就向着太阳升起的方向搭盖,这样按照太阳照进蒙古包的日影位置,牧民就可以判断时刻,来确定和安排一天的营生。ErasincetheHuns,yurtstothedirectiontowardtherisingsuncorrugated,sothatthesunshinesintotheyurtbyshadowposition,herderscanjudgetimetodetermineandarrangethedaytomakealiving蒙古包的材料运用Thematerialtheuseofyurts•蒙古包的个别木构件在使用和维修中损坏,也可以单独更换。对材料的利用达到了极致。Gerintheuseoftheindividualtimbercomponentsandrepairdamage,canbereplacedindividually.Theuseofmaterialstotheextreme•由于建造时不使用任何金属与化工材料,蒙古包报废后的废料可以在草原上就地焚烧、风化、腐烂,与草原环境迅速融为一体。Sincetheconstructiondoesnotuseanymetalandchemicalmaterials,yurtsscrappedwasteincineratedinthegrasslands,weathering,decay,andtherapidintegrationofgrasslandenvironment.蒙古包的艺术性Theartofyurt•蒙古包的形态比例具有科学的精密性,以致蒙古族人民可凭借它准确地确定时间。•TheformofyurtswithscientificprecisiontheproportionthattheMongolianpeoplecanbeaccuratelyidentifiedbyvirtueofitstime.•蒙古包的结构数量关系符合黄金比例,给人安全、稳定、舒适的感觉•Consistentwiththestructuralrelationshipbetweenthenumberofyurtsgoldenratio,givingthesecurity,stability,comfort蒙古包的哲学意义ThePhilosophicalSignificanceofyurts•白色蒙古包是蒙古族尚白的传统爱好表现,它与白色的天、白色的羊群、蓝色的天、碧绿的草原融为一体WhiteMongolianyurtisatraditionalhobbyperformanceisstillwhite,it'sdayswiththewhite,whitesheep,bluesky,greengrassl