第二章 大陆架与专属经济区

ChapterTwoTheContinentalShelfandTheExclusiveEconomicZone第二章大陆架与专属经济区TheContinentalShelfandTheExclusiveEconomicZoneContinentalShelfAExclusiveEconomicZoneBSectionA.TheContinentalShelfDelimitationVDefinitionITheSeawardLimitIITheLegalStatusIIIRightsandDutiesIVTheconceptof‘continentalshelf’Theconceptof‘continentalshelf’emergedinthepracticeofinternationalrelationsattheoutsetofthetwentiethcentury.ThisconceptwasusedbycoastalStatesassubstantiationfortheirclaimstothenaturalresourcesofunderwatermarineexpansesforthepurposeoftheirappropriation.Theemergenceoftechnicalpossibilitiestoexploreandexploitnaturalresourcesofunderwatermarineexpansesforthepurposeoftheirappropriation.Theconceptof‘continentalshelf’Theemergenceoftechnicalpossibilitiestoexploreandexploitnaturalresourcesinthesubsoilofthecontinentalshelffacilitatedthisprocess.ThetonewassetbytheUnitedStatesonthisissue,whichpublishedon28September1945theProclamationofthePresidentoftheUnitedStates,HarryTruman,onthepolicyoftheUnitedStateswithrespecttonaturalresourcesofthesubsoilandsurfaceofthecontinentalshelf.Theconceptof‘continentalshelf’Truman’sProclamationTheGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesregardsthenaturalresourcesofthesubsoilandsea-bedofthecontinentalshelfbeneaththehighseasbutcontiguoustothecoastsoftheUnitedStatsasappertainingtotheUnitedStatessubjecttoitsjurisdictionandcontrol.Theconceptof‘continentalshelf’TheNaturalResourcesintheContinentalShelf:1.Oilandgasreserves2.Minerals,suchlead,zinc,goldandsilver,ect.3.sedentaryspeciesTheconceptof‘continentalshelf’AftertheTrumanProclamationtherefollowedaseriesofsimilarunilateralclaimsofStatesnotonlytothenaturalmarineresourcesofthecontinentalshelf,buttotheshelfitselfandsuperjacentwaters.In1946Argentinaissuedadecreeonthecontinentalshelfinwhichsovereigntywasclaimedtothecontinentalshelfandsuperjacentwaters.InthatsameyearPanamaissuedanationalactinwhichclaimswereexpressedtotheproductsofmarinefishingwithinthelimitsofthecontinentalshelf.SimilarclaimstothecontinentalshelfandsuperjacentwaterswerelaiddowninthelegislationofotherLatinAmericancountries.Theconceptof‘continentalshelf’Thecontinentalshelf:animportantpracticalquestion.TheInternationalLawCommission’sWork.Theconceptof‘continentalshelf’Criticismbyseveralcountries.Theviewsofthemosttechnologically-developedStates(Germany,Japan,andothers).TheviewsofanumberofLatinAmericanStates.Theconceptof‘continentalshelf’AsaresultofextendeddiscussionsattheConferenceandthebringingofthepositionsofStatesconcernedintoconcordance,the1958GenevaConventionontheContinentalShelfexercisessovereignrightsoverthecontinentalshelfforthepurposesoftheexplorationandexploitationofitsnaturalwealth.TheContinentalShelf(geographicalandlegalpointofview)Geographically:theseabedadjacenttothecoastisusuallycomprisedofthreeseparatesections.1.thecontinentalshelfproper2.thecontinentalshelfslope3.thecontinentalriseTogetherthethreesectionsformthecontinentalmargin.I.DefinitionContinentalShelfLegally:Article76(1)ofthe1982ConventionThecontinentalshelfofacoastalStatecomprisestheseabedandsubsoilofthesubmarineareasthatextendbeyonditsterritorialseathroughoutthenaturalprolongationofitslandterritorytotheouteredgeofthecontinentalmargin,ortoadistanceof200nauticalmilesfromthebaselinesfromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseaismeasuredwheretheouteredgeofthecontinentalmargindoesnotextenduptothatdistance.RegulatedbyArt.1ofthe1958Conventionasareflectionofthecustomarylaw,regardedbyICJ.Article76ofthe1982Conventionsetouttherulesfortheseawardlimitsofthecontinentalshelf.ThequestionoftheseawardlimitismuchmoreimportantwiththedevelopmentsinoffshoretechnologyinlateryearsII.TheseawardlimitofthecontinentalshelfContinentalShelfThe1958ConventionInArt.1ofthe1958Convention,theshelfwasdefinedasthesubmarineareaadjacenttothecoastbutoutsidetheterritorialsea‘toadepthof200metresor,beyondthatlimit,towherethedepthofthesuper-adjacentwatersadmitsoftheexploitationofthenaturalresources’.The1958ConventionUnderthistreaty,theinnerlimitoftheshelfwastheouteredgeoftheterritorialseabuttheseawardlimitwasadepthof200metresoranyareacapableofexploitation.Averyopen-endedprovision,foritenvisagestheextensionofcoastalstatejurisdictionindirectrelationtoitsabilitytoextractnaturalresources.Allstates,regardlessofthephysicalshapeoftheshelf,haveacontinentalshelfinlawupto200nauticalmilesfromthebaselinesoftheterritorialsea.Thisissoevenifthereisnophysicalshelforifitstopsshortof200milesIfthephysicalextentoftheshelfgoesbeyond200nauticalmiles,thecoastalstatehasashelfinlaw‘throughoutthenaturalprolongationofitslandterritorytotheouteredgeofthecontinentalmarginThecontinentalshelfinlawcannotextendbeyond250nauticalmilesfromthebaselinesoftheterritorialseaor100nauticalmilesfromthe2500metreisobath.III.TheseawardlimitofthecontinentalshelfLOS1982:underArt.76ContinentalShelfIII.ThelegalstatusofthecontinentalshelfBefore1945:thelegalconceptofthecontinentalshelfwasnotestablishedyet.After1945:Itisquiteclearthatthedoctrineofthecontinentalshelfwasfirmlyestablishedininternationallawby1958.Before1945Int