二语习得(L4正)

LessonFourContextualvariationinlanguage-learnerlanguageTasks:1writingapaperonthetopicAcomparisonbetweentwolevelsofwrittenEnglishofstudentsinNantongUniversityQsforUnitFour1.Whatarethetypesofvariabilityinlanguage-learnerlanguage?2.Whatarethemainpointsofsystematicvariability?3.Whatarethemainpointsofnon-systematicvariability?4.Whatarethemainpointsofcontextualvariability?5.Whatarethemainpointsoffreevariability?6.Whatstyleis‘basic’forourunderstandingoflanguage–learnerlanguage?Why?7.Whatarethebestdatatouseindescribinginterlanguage?8.Howcanthevariablenatureofthelearner’sinterlanguagebeaccuratelydescribed?9.WhatistheroleofcontextualvariabilityinSLA?10.WhatistheroleoffreevariabilityinSLA?Whatisvariability?Languageusers(includinglanguagelearners)varyintheusetheymakeoftheirlinguisticknowledge.Thisvariabilitycanbeunsystematic(i.e.haphazard)orsystematic(twoormorelinguisticformsfunctionasvariants,whichareusedpredictablyaccordingtothecontext).系统变异举例情境变异：在正式场合与非正式场合Heplaysbasketball.(正式场合)Heplay_basketball.(非正式场合)上下文语境变异：随上下文语境变化Mr.SmithlivesinLondon.(contextA)Mr.Smithwholive_inLondonmarriedmysister.(contextB)1.Whatarethetypesofvariabilityinlanguage-learnerlanguage?Typesofvariabilityinlanguage-learnerlanguage:Individualvari(i.e.productofindividualLearnerfactors)SystematicVariabilitylinguisticcontextContextualvariabilitysituationalVariabilitycontextIninterlgfreevariabilityNon-systematicVariabilityperformancevariability2.Whatarethemainpointsofsystematicvariability?1.SystematicvariabilityisaccountedforbyheterogeneouscompetencemodelVariablerulesImplicationalanalysis(Approachestoresolvingthecontrodictionbetweenvariationandsystematicity)2.Variabilitycausedbysituationalfactors(Labov’ssocialinguisticmodel)Languagebehaviourwaspredictable.Style-shiftingtookplacesystematically.3.Variabilitydeterminedbylinguisticfactors.SystematicvariationlinguisticMr.SmithlivesinBrisbane.ContextualMr.Smithwholive_inBrisbane.situationlevelsofformality;fromvernaculartoformalIndividualage,motivation,personalityetc.Homogeneouscompetenc语言使用者拥有一系列同类规则（语言能力linguisticcompetence），它们是语言运用(performance)能力的基础。语言知识与非语言知识分离。排除风格变异。认为所有变异都是非系统变异。Heterogeneouscompetence将语境因素看成是语言使用者应用语言知识的构成部分，即语用者不仅知道什么是正确的，而且还知道在特定语境下什么是合适的。非语言知识（语用知识）也是系统的。认为语言变异可分为系统变异和非系统变异。Fiveaxiomsabouthowtostudylanguageuse(Labov1970)1.Allspeakerspossessseveral‘styles’.Thatis,theyadapttheirspeechtomakeitfitthesocialcontext.2.‘Stylescanberangedalongasingledimension,measuredbytheamountofattentionpaidtospeech.’Alanguageuservariesinthedegreetowhichheisabletomonitorhisspeechindifferentsituations.3.Thevernacularisthestyleinwhichminimumattentionisgiventomonitoringspeech.Itisthestyleassociatedwithinformal,everydayspeech.Itprovides‘themostsystematicdata’forlinguisticstudy.4.Itisnotpossibletotapthevernacularstyleoftheuserbysystematicobservationofhowheperformsinaformalcontext(suchasanexperiment).5.Theonlywaytoobtaingooddataonthespeechofalanguageuseristhroughsystematicobservation.1)当社会语境和话题变化时,所有说话者都会在一定程度上改变他们的语言。2)语体可以按照一个单一维度分类,即给予话语的注意程度。语言使用者在不同场景中会调整对自已言语的监控程度。3)说话者对随意语体的话语给予的监控注意最少。这种语体与非正式的、日常的话语相联系并且为语言研究提供最系统性的语料4)通过系统的观察语言使用者在正式语境(如实验)中的表现不可能发现随意语体。5)获得关于语言使用者话语的“好数据”的唯一途径就是通过系统观察。TheconflictbetweenthefourthandfifthaxiomsleadstowhatLabovcallsthe‘Observer’sParadox’.Gooddatarequiresystematicobservation,butthispreventsaccesstotheuser’svernacularstyle,which,becauseitisthemostsystematicstyle,istheprincipalgoaloflinguisticenquiry.Anexampleofhowasociolinguisticmodeldealswithvariabilitycausedbysituationalfactors:Labov(1970)examinedthespeechpatternsofNewYorkers.Hecollecteddatainvariouswaysinordertosamplearangeofspeechstyles.Theseheclassifiedas1.Casualspeech2.Carefulspeech3.Reading4.Wordlists5.MinimalpairsThesestyleswerespreadalongacontinuumaccordingtotheamountofattentionpaidbythespeakerstotheirownspeech.Thusin(1)verylittleattentionwaspaid,whilein(5)carefulmonitoringoccurred.Theimportantpointwasthatlanguagebehaviourwaspredictable.Labovalsodealswithvariabilitydeterminedbylinguisticfactors.Heexaminedtheuseofthecopula(‘be’)inutterancesproducedbyspeakersofBlackEnglishVernacularinNewYorkandfoundthatthepresenceofabsenceofthecopulawaslargelysystematic.Thus‘be’wasvariabilityinallcontexts,butcertaincontextspredisposedthespeakertouseitmorefrequentlythanothercontexts.Labovviewscontextualfactorsasanintegralpartoftheuser’sabilitytousehislinguisticknowledge.Invariantrules&VariablerulesAhomogeneouscompetencemodelaccountsforahomogeneouslinguisticcompetenceintermsofinvariantrules,aheterogeneouscompetencemodelsuchasLabov’saccountsforcommunicativecompetenceintermsofvariablerules.Invariantrulesarecategoricalstatementswhichspecifythesetofwell-formedsentencesinthegrammarofalanguage.Variablerulesarestatementswhichgivetheprobabilityofcertaingrammaticalformsoccurringinparticularsituationalandlinguisticcontexts.WhatisVariablerules?Categoricalrule:XY/AWhereXrefertothevariableitself,Ytoitsactualrealization,andAtheparticularcontextorstyle(forexample,thefirstsoundof‘thing’