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剑7Test1阅读Passage1真题及解析READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1onthefollowingpages.Let’sGoBatsABatshaveaproblem:howtofindtheirwayaroundinthedark.Theyhuntatnight,andcannotuselighttohelpthemfindpreyandavoidobstacles.Youmightsaythatthisisaproblemoftheirownmaking,onethattheycouldavoidsimplybychangingtheirhabitsandhuntingbyday.Butthedaytimeeconomyisalreadyheavilyexploitedbyothercreaturessuchasbirds.③Giventhatthereisalivingtobemadeatnight,andgiventhatalternativedaytimetradesarethoroughlyoccupied,naturalselectionhasfavouredbatsthatmakeagoofthenight-huntingtrade.Itisprobablethatthenocturnaltradesgowaybackintheancestryofallmammals.②Inthetimewhenthedinosaursdominatedthedaytimeeconomy,ourmammalianancestorsprobablyonlymanagedtosurviveatallbecausetheyfoundwaysofscrapingalivingatnight.Onlyafterthemysteriousmassextinctionofthedinosaursabout65millionyearsagowereourancestorsabletoemergeintothedaylightinanysubstantialnumbers.BBatshaveanengineeringproblem:howtofindtheirwayandfindtheirpreyintheabsenceoflight.①Batsarenottheonlycreaturestofacethisdifficultytoday.Obviouslythenight-flyinginsectsthattheypreyonmustfindtheirwayaboutsomehow.Deep-seafishandwhaleshavelittleornolightbydayorbynight.Fishanddolphinsthatliveinextremelymuddywatercannotseebecause,althoughthereislight,itisobstructedandscatteredbythedirtinthewater.Plentyofothermodernanimalsmaketheirlivinginconditionswhereseeingisdifficultorimpossible.CGiventhequestionsofhowtomanoeuvreinthedark,whatsolutionsmightanengineerconsider?Thefirstonethatmightoccurtohimistomanufacturelight,tousealanternorasearchlight.Firefliesandsomefish(usuallywiththehelpofbacteria)havethepowertomanufacturetheirownlight,buttheprocessseemstoconsumealargeamountofenergy.Firefliesusetheirlightforattractingmates.Thisdoesntrequireaprohibitive（费用，价格等）过高的amountofenergy:amale'stinypinprickoflightcanbeseenbyafemalefromsomedistanceonadarknight,sincehereyesareexposeddirectlytothelightsourceitself.However,usinglighttofindone'sownwayaroundrequiresvastlymoreenergy,sincetheeyeshavetodetectthetinyfractionofthelightthatbouncesoffeachpartofthescene.Thelightsourcemustthereforebeimmenselybrighterifitistobeusedasaheadlighttoilluminatethepath,thanifitistobeusedasasignaltoothers.Inanyevent,whetherornotthereasonistheenergyexpense,itseemstobethecasethat,withthepossibleexceptionofsomeweirddeep-seafish,noanimalapartfrommanusesmanufacturedlighttofinditswayabout.DWhatelsemighttheengineerthinkof?well,blindhumanssometimesseemtohaveanuncannysenseofobstaclesintheirpath.Ithasbeengiventhename'facialvision',becauseblindpeoplehavereportedthatitfeelsabitlikethesenseoftouch,ontheface.Onereporttellsofatotallyblindboywhocouldridehistricycleatgoodspeedroundtheblocknearhishome,usingfacialvision.Experimentsshowedthat,infact,facialvisionisnothingtodowithtouchorthefrontoftheface,althoughthesensationmaybereferredtothefrontoftheface,likethereferredpaininaphantomlimb.Thesensationoffacialvision,itturnsout,reallygoesinthroughtheears.Blindpeople,withoutevenbeingawareofthefact,areactuallyusingechoesoftheirownfootstepsandofothersounds,tosensethepresenceofobstacles.Beforethiswasdiscovered,engineershadalreadybuiltinstrumentstoexploittheprinciple,forexampletomeasurethedepthoftheseaunderaship.⑤Afterthistechniquehadbeeninvented,itwasonlyamatteroftimebeforeweaponsdesignersadapteditforthedetectionofsubmarines.BothsidesintheSecondworldwarreliedheavilyonthesedevices,undersuchcodenamesasAsdic(British)andSonar(American),aswellasRadar(American)orRDF(British),whichusesradioechoesratherthansoundechoes.ETheSonarandRadarpioneersdidn'tknowitthen,⑩butalltheworldnowknowsthatbats,orrathernaturalselectionworkingonbats,hadperfectedthesystemtensofmillionsofyearsearlier,andtheir'radar'achievesfeatsofdetectionandnavigationthatwouldstrikeanengineerdumbwithadmiration.⑪Itistechnicallyincorrecttotalkaboutbat'radar',sincetheydonotuseradiowaves.Itissonar.⑫Buttheunderlyingmathematicaltheoriesofradarandsonarareverysimilar,andmuchofourscientificunderstandingofthedetailsofwhatbatsaredoinghascomefromapplyingradartheorytothem.TheAmerican⑬zoologistDonaldGriffin,whowaslargelyresponsibleforthediscoveryofsonarinbats,coinedtheterm'echolocation'tocoverbothsonarandradar,whetherusedbyanimalsorbyhumaninstruments.Questions1-5ReadingPassage1hasfiveparagraphs,A-E.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Writethecorrectletter,A-E,inboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.1examplesofwildlifeotherthanbatswhichdonotrelyonvisiontonavigateby2howearlymammalsavoideddyingout（ancestors等同于earlymammals,survive等同于avoiddyingout）3whybatshuntinthedark4howaparticulardiscoveryhashelpedourunderstandingofbats5earlymilitaryusesofecholocationQuestions6-9Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes6-9onyouranswersheet.FacialVisionBlindpeoplereportthatso-called'facialvision'iscomparabletothesensationoftouchontheface.Infact,thesensationismoresimilartothewayinwhichpainfroma6……………….armorlegmightbefelt.Theabilityact