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LordAlfredTennyson(1809-1892)阿福瑞德·丁尼生CriticalRealism批判现实主义•Thecriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandinthebeginningoffifties.Therealistsfirstandforemost首先setthemselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromademocraticviewpointanddelineated描绘thecryingcontradictions矛盾ofbourgeoisreality.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradicate根除socialevils.Aestheticism唯美主义[i:s'θetisizəm]•AmovementinEuropeinthelate19thcentury.Itfocusedonthedoctrine教义thatartexistsforthesakeofitsbeautyalone.ThemovementobjectedthecurrentUtilitarian功利主义socialphilosophies哲学andtheuglinessandphilistinism['filistinizəm]庸俗oftheindustrialage.•TennysonlivedalmostthroughtheVictorianageandwastheleadingpoetofhisage.•Somehistoriansevencalledtheperiodfrom1832tothedeathofTennyson“theAgeofTennyson”•LIFE:•Tennysonwasbornintoaclergyman’sfamily.Helivedaveryquietlifeinhisearlyyears.HeattendedCambridgebuthadtoleavein1831becauseoffinancialneed.Hefellinlovein1836buthadtopostponehismarriageuntil1850becauseofpoverty.•Duringhischildhood,Tennysonshowedanearlyinterestandtalentinpoeticcomposition,andalsosuccessfullyimitatedthestyleofsuchfamouspoetsasLordByron.Bythetimehewas15,Tennysonhadproducedseveralblank-verseplaysandanepic.SomeofhisboyhoodpoetrywaspublishedincollaborationwithhisbrotherCharlesinPoemsbyTwoBrothers(1827).•Thevolumeisaslightone,butinitwecanseeTennyson’smetricalaptitudeanddescriptivepower.HisfirstimportantworkPoems(1833),wasacollectionofhisearlypoems.ItwasthetwovolumesofPoems(1842)thatsecuredhispositionastheleadingpoetofthetime.Inthiscollectiontherearehisfamouspoemssuchas“TheLadyofShalott”,“Morted’Arthur”,and“Ulysses”.•In1850TennysonpublishedInMemoriamandsucceededWordsworthaspoetlaureate.In1854hepublishedMaud.In1859hepublishedIdyllsoftheKing,whichwasasequenceoftalesbasedonthelegendofkingArthur.In1884hewasknighted.Hediedin1892andwasburiedinWestminsterAbbey.•英国维多利亚时代是一个思想上充满动荡的时代，其诗歌由于反映这种动荡而显得深刻并在艺术上作出特殊的贡献。作为英国有教养的中产阶级的忠实代言人，丁尼生继承并发扬了英国诗歌的悠久传统，以其技巧精美、格律严谨、声韵和谐而富于音乐美的诗歌显示出无与伦比的艺术才华，被公认为英国维多利亚时代最杰出的诗人。有的评论家甚至认为，群星灿烂的十九世纪英国诗歌，如果前半期可称为华兹华斯时代的话，那么，后半期就可称为丁尼生时代。“Break,Break,Break”•Thispoemiswritteninirregularmeter.Theprevailingfootisanapaestic.Inthefirstlinetwounaccentedsyllablesofeachfootareomitted,butthetimeispreservedbythethreelongpauses.•Lines2and4ofeachstanzahaveendrhyme.Themeterinthepoemvaries,buttheanapestic抑抑扬格footcreatesthemusicality音感ofthepoem,asinthefollowinglines:•.iamb.........anapest......anapest.........iambButO|fortheTOUCH|ofaVAN|ishedHAND,•......anapest...........anapest.........anapest.....AndtheSOUND|ofaVOICE|thatisSTILL!拍岸曲（孙梁译）•碎了，碎了，碎了，拍碎在你灰冷的礁石上，啊大海！我多想能从我嘴里吐出那涌上我心头的思绪满怀。•啊，那渔夫的孩子多美，他叫呀，喊呀，和他妹妹在玩！啊，那年轻的水手有多美，他驾一叶小舟唱遍了海湾！•向着山下的避风港，庄严的船只在纷纷前进；可我多想碰一碰那消失了的手，噢，听一听那静寂了的嗓音！•碎了，碎了，碎了，拍碎在你悬崖峭壁的脚下，啊大海！可是那逝去的温柔而光彩的日子将永远再不会回来。Themes•Grief不幸Themainthemeisbereavement,heartache,emptiness空虚.Inthenarrator'sdarkhourofgrief,thesunrises,childrenlaugh,businessgoesonasusual.Howcouldtheworldbesocruelandunfeeling?•Preciousness珍贵的ofYouthTennyson'sfriend,ArthurHallam,wasonly22whenhedied.TheshockofHallam'sdeathimpresseduponTennysonhowpricelessyouthis.Tounderscorethisidea,andtoexpresstheagonyhesuffersatthelossofyoungHallam,Tennysonpresentsimagesofyouthfuljoy:thefisherman'ssonplayingwithhissisterandthesailorladsinginginthebay.Themes•IndifferenceofNatureNaturecontinuestofunctionaccordingtoitsrhythmsandcyclesregardlessofwhathappens,goodorbad,tohumanbeings.Thetemperaturemayplummetjustwhenapoorfamilyrunsoutoffuel.Thesunmayshineandthebirdsmaysinginthemiddleofthebloodiestofbattles.Andtheseawillriseandfallinadefiant挑衅的,unrelenting无情的不屈的rhythmthatrefusestoacknowledgetragedyintheeverydaylifeofaveragemen.Tennysonlaments哀痛thiscoldindifferenceinBreak,Break,Break.“Break,Break,Break”•ThepoemisoneofmanylyricstheTennysonwroteinmemoryofhisfriendArthurHallam.Sorrowstrikeshimjustasthebreakersstrikeagainsttheshore.Everythinggoesonasusualbuthisfriendisnolongerthere.“Ulysses”《尤里西斯》•UlysseswasthekingofIthacaandparticipatedintheTrojanWar.Hewasthemostcunning狡猾oftheGreeks,anddevised设计theplanoftheTrojanHorse.Afterthewar,ittookhim10yearsofadventurestogethome,astoldinHomer’s“Odyssey”《奥赛德》.Form•Thispoemiswrittenasadramaticmonologue:•Thelinesareinblankverse,whichservestoimpartafluidandnaturalqualitytoUlysses'sspeech.Manyofthelinesareenjambed,thesentencesoftenendinthemiddle,ratherthantheend,ofthelines.Theuseofenjambmentisappropriateinapoemaboutpushingforwardbeyondtheutmostboundofhumanthought.•Finally,thepoemisdividedintofourparagraph-likesections,eachofwhichcomprisesadistinctthematicunitofthepoem.Dramaticmonologue戏剧独白•Aliteraryworkthatcontainssimplyonespeechbysomeimaginarypersontoanidentifiablebutsilentaudience,ononeparticularoccasioninhislife,withthespeaker’swordsunintentionallyprovidingarevelationofhischaracter.这太无谓——当一个闲散的君主安居家中，在这个嶙峋的岛国．我与年老的妻子相匹，颁布着不公的法律，治理野蛮的种族，——他们吃、睡、收藏，而不理解我。我不能停歇我的跋涉；我决心饮尽生命之杯。我一生都在体验巨大的痛苦、巨大的欢乐，有时与爱我的狄伴一起，有时却独自一个；不论在岸上或海上，当带来雨季的毕宿星团催动激流滚滚，扬起灰暗的海波。我已经变成这样一个名字，—一由于我如饥似渴地漂泊不止，我已见识了许多民族的城及其风气、习俗、枢密院、政府，而我在他们之中最负盛名；在遥远而多风的特洛亚战场，我曾陶醉于与敌手作战的欢欣。我自己是我全部经历的一部分；而全部经验，也只是一座拱