管理沟通双语Chap006

McGraw-Hill/Irwin©2009TheMcGraw-HillCompanies,AllRightsReservedMcGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright©2009byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,AllRightsReserved.6-2Chapter6DesigningDocuments,DataDisplays,andVisualsDesignImportanceDesigns&ConventionsLevelsofDesignPageDesignGuidelinesUsingVisualsVisualDesignGuidelinesIntegratingVisualsDesigningBrochuresDesigningWebpagesUsabilityTesting6-3WhyDesignMattersSavestimeandmoneyReduceslegalproblemsBuildsgoodwillAttractivepageslookfriendly,easytoreadGroupingideasshowsstructure6-4Design:PartofWritingThinkaboutdesignateachstepAsyouplan,thinkaboutaudienceSkilledorbusy?Readstraightthroughorskiparound?Asyouwrite,uselists,headings.UsevisualstoconveynumericaldataclearlyGetfeedbackfromyouraudienceAsyourevise,checkthedesignguidelinesthatfollow6-5Design&ConventionsVarywidelybyaudience,geographicarea,industry,ordepartmentChangeovertimeViolatingisriskyPresentsincorrectinterpretationsSignalsauthorisunreliableorunknowledgeable6-6LevelsofDesignIntra—individuallettersandwordsInter—blocksoftextExtra—graphicsthatgowiththetextSupra—entiredocument6-7PageDesignGuidelines1.Usewhitespace2.Useheadings3.Limitwordsinallcapitalletters4.Usenomorethantwofontsperdocument6-8PageDesignGuidelines,continued…5.Justifymarginsselectively6.Putkeyitemsattopleftorbottomright7.Useagridforvisualunity8.Usehighlighting,decorativedevices,andcolorinmoderation6-9UseWhiteSpaceWhiteSpace—emptyspaceonthepageMakesmessageeasiertoreadTocreatewhitespace,useHeadingsMixofparagraphlengthsListsofparallelitems(sameform)Bulletsornumberswhenorderisexact6-10UseHeadingsHeadings—words,phrases,orshortsentencesGrouppoints;dividedocumentShoworganizationHelpreader;savereader’stimeMakepagelookinterestingTocreateheadingsMakeeachspecificKeepheadingsparallelMakesuretheycovermaterialuntilnextheading6-11LimitWordsinAllCapitalLettersWordsinallcapitalsLosetheiruniqueshapesHavesamerectangularshapeLackascendersanddescendersCausesreadertoslowdownCausesmorereadingerrorspeoplePEOPLE6-12UseNoMoreThanTwoFontsFonts—unifiedstylesoftypeSeriffont–lettershavefeetEasytoread;usedforparagraphsEx:NewCourier,TimesRomanSansseriffont–letterslackfeetHardertoread;usedforheadings,tablesEx:Arial,Tahoma,Univers6-13UseNoMoreThanTwoFonts,continued…MostdocumentsusejustonefontCreateemphasisbyusingBoldItalicsVariedsizesFontsize12-pointidealformostbusinessdocumentsHeadingsmaybelarger6-14JustifyMarginsSelectivelyFulljustification—textevenatleftandrightmarginWantformallookWanttousefewestpagesRaggedrightmargin—textevenonleft,unevenonrightWantinformallookUseveryshortlinesWanttoreviseselectedpages6-15PutKeyItemsatTopLeftorBottomRightReader’seyemovesinZpatternStartsatupperleftcornerofpageReadstotherightanddownQuadrantsinorderofimportanceTopleftBottomrightBottomleftTopright126-16UseaGridforVisualUnityGrid—2or3imaginarycolumnsonpage;maybesubdividedAllelementslinedupincolumnsCreatespleasingsymmetryUnifieslongdocuments6-17UseDecorativeDevicesinModerationUsedecorativedevicessparinglyAddinterest/emphasiswithdingbats,clipartUsecolorformainheadings,notdetailsInNorthAmerica,redusuallymeansdanger6-18UseVisualsTopresentideascompletelyTofind/showrelationshipsTomakepointsvividToemphasizematerialTopresentmaterialconcisely,withlessrepetition6-19VisualDesignGuidelines1.Checkqualityofdata2.Determinestoryyouwanttotell3.Choosevisualthatfitsthestory4.Followconventionsfordesigningvisuals5.Usecoloranddecorationwithrestraint6.Besurethatvisualisaccurate,ethical6-201.CheckQualityofDataCheckdatacomesfromreliablesourceCheckyouhavedataforallfactorsyoushouldconsiderUsedatabasedonassumptionsanddefinitionsincarefultitlesDonotusevisualsofunreliabledata6-212.DetermineStoryYouWanttoTellGoodstoriesmaySupportahunchyouhaveSurpriseorchallengeknowledgeShowunexpectedtrendsorchangesHavecommercialorsocialsignificanceProvideinformationneededforactionBerelevanttoaudience6-222.DetermineStoryYouWanttoTellTofindstories1.Focusonatopic2.Simplifythedataonthattopicandconvertnumbertosimpleunits3.Lookforrelationshipsandchanges4.Processthedatatofindmorestories6-233.ChoosetheRightVisualfortheStoryU.S.Children’sSizesEuropeanChildren’sSizes927102811291230133113211/233234UsetablewhenreaderneedsexactvaluesUsepiecharttoshowpartsofawhole1stQtr2ndQtr3rdQtr4thQtr6-243.ChoosetheRightVisualfortheStory01020304050607080901001stQtr2ndQtr3rdQtr4thQtrEastWestNorthUsebarcharttocompareitems,showrelationshipsUsepairedchartstotellcomplexstories6-253.ChoosetheRightVisualfortheStoryUseslinechartstoCompareitemsovertimeShowfrequencyordistributionShowcorrelations01020304050607080901001stQtr2ndQtr3rdQtr4thQtrEastWestNorth6-263.ChoosetheRightVisualfortheStoryUsephotographstoCreateasenseofauthenticityShowiteminuseUsedrawingstoShowdimensionsEmphasizedetail6-273.ChoosetheRightVisualfortheStoryUsemapstoemphasizelocation6-283.ChoosetheRightVisualfortheStoryUseGanttchartstoshowtimelinesDeterminewhatlevelsoftraining,educationandcommunicationwillbenecessaryforimp