凯伯国际贸易第一章(英文课件)

TheInternationalEconomyandGlobalization©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse1PowerPointslidespreparedby:AndreeaChiritescuEasternIllinoisUniversityTheInternationalEconomy•Highdegreeofeconomicinterdependence•Nonationexistsineconomicisolation•Allaspectsofanation’seconomyarelinkedtotheeconomiesofitstradingpartners•Reflectsthehistoricalevolutionoftheworld’seconomicandpoliticalorder•Complexanditseffectsuneven©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse2TheInternationalEconomy•Highdegreeofeconomicinterdependence•Stepstowardinternationalcooperation•Mutuallyadvantageousfortradingnations•Specialization,efficienciesoflargescaleproduction•Widervarietyofproductsatlowercost•Protectionistpressures•Developingnations•Liberalizedtradingsystem-servestokeepthedevelopingnationsinpoverty©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse3GlobalizationofEconomicActivity•Globalization•Greaterinterdependence•Countriesandtheircitizens•Internationalflows•Goodsandservices•People•Investmentsinequipment,factories,stocks,bonds•Non-economicelements•Cultureandtheenvironment©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse4GlobalizationofEconomicActivity•Whatforcesaredrivingglobalization?•Technologicalchange•Multilateraltradenegotiations•Continuingliberalizationoftradeandinvestment•Widespreadliberalizationofinvestmenttransactions•Developmentofinternationalfinancialmarkets©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse5WavesofGlobalization•FirstWaveofGlobalization:1870–1914•Decreasesintariffbarriers&newtechnologies•Decliningtransportationcosts•Shiftfromsailtosteamships;Railways•DrivenbyEuropeanandAmericanbusinessesandindividuals©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse6WavesofGlobalization•FirstWaveofGlobalization:1870–1914•Exportsasashareofworldincome•Nearlydoubledto8%•Percapitaincomesincreased1.3%peryear•Previous50years:0.5%peryear•Countriesthatactivelyparticipatedinglobalization•Becametherichestcountriesintheworld•BroughttoanendbyWorldWarI©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse7WavesofGlobalization•GreatDepressionofthe1930s•Governments–protectionism•Tariffsonimports•Trytoshiftdemandintodomesticmarkets•Promotesalesfordomesticcompanies•Promotejobsfordomesticworkers•Exportsasashareofnationalincome•Fallsto5%©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse8WavesofGlobalization•SecondWaveofGlobalization:1945–1980•Horrorsoftheretreatintonationalism•Fallingtransportationcosts•Decreasepreviouslyestablishedtradebarriers•Tradeliberalization–discrimination•Whichcountriesparticipated•Whichproductswereincluded©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse9WavesofGlobalization•Tradeliberalization–discrimination•Developedcountries,manufacturedgoods•Largelyfreedofbarriers•Greatlyincreasedtheexchangeofmanufacturedgoods•Raisetheincomesofdevelopedcountries•Developingcountries•Eliminatebarriersonlyforthoseagriculturalproductsthatdidnotcompetewithagricultureindevelopedcountries•Manufacturedgoods-sizablebarriers©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse10WavesofGlobalization•SecondWaveofGlobalization:1945–1980•Newkindoftrade•Richcountryspecializationinmanufacturingniches•Gainedproductivitythroughagglomerationeconomies•Firmsclusteredtogether•Someclustersproducedthesameproduct•Otherswereconnectedbyverticallinkages•Agglomerationeconomies•Benefitthoseintheclusters•Badnewsf