凯伯国际贸易第二章(英文原版课件)

FoundationsofModernTradeTheory:ComparativeAdvantage©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse1PowerPointslidespreparedby:AndreeaChiritescuEasternIllinoisUniversityHistoricalDevelopmentofModernTradeTheory•TheMercantilists,1500–1800•Astrongforeign-tradesector•Favorabletradebalance•Netpayments-goldandsilver•Increasedspending•Riseindomesticoutputandemployment•Promoteafavorabletradebalance•Governmentregulationoftrade•Tariffs,quotas,othercommercialpolicies•Staticviewoftheworldeconomy©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse2HistoricalDevelopmentofModernTradeTheory•TheMercantilistsunderattack•DavidHume’sprice-specie-flowdoctrine•Afavorabletradebalanceispossibleonlyintheshortrun•1776,AdamSmith,TheWealthofNations•World’swealthisnotafixedquantity•Internationaltrade•Increasethegenerallevelofproductivitywithinacountry•Increaseworldoutput(wealth)©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse3HistoricalDevelopmentofModernTradeTheory•WhyNationsTrade:AbsoluteAdvantage•AdamSmith–freetradeadvocate•Productioncostsdifferamongnations•Differentproductivitiesoffactorinputs•Labor–homogenous•Absolutecostadvantage•Useslesslabortoproduceoneunitofoutput©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse4HistoricalDevelopmentofModernTradeTheory•Principleofabsoluteadvantage•Atwo-nation,two-productworld•Internationalspecializationandtrade•Onenation-absolutecostadvantageinonegood•Theothernation-absolutecostadvantageintheothergood•Eachnationmusthaveagoodthatitisabsolutelymoreefficientinproducingthanitstradingpartner•Importgoods–ifabsolutecostdisadvantage•Exportgoods–ifabsolutecostadvantage©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse5©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse6Absoluteadvantage;eachnationismoreefficientinproducingonegoodTABLE2.1HistoricalDevelopmentofModernTradeTheory•WhyNationsTrade:ComparativeAdvantage•1800,DavidRicardo(1772–1823)•Freetrade•Mutuallybeneficialtradecanoccurwhetherornotcountrieshaveanyabsoluteadvantage•Principleofcomparativeadvantage•Emphasizedcomparative(relative)costdifferences©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse7HistoricalDevelopmentofModernTradeTheory•Principleofcomparativeadvantage•Evenifanationhasanabsolutecostdisadvantageintheproductionofbothgoods•Thelessefficientnation•Specializeinandexportthegoodinwhichitisrelativelylessinefficient•Whereitsabsolutedisadvantageisleast•Themoreefficientnation•Specializeinandexportthatgoodinwhichitisrelativelymoreefficient•Whereitsabsoluteadvantageisgreatest©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse8©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse9ExamplesofcomparativeadvantagesininternationaltradeTABLE2.2HistoricalDevelopmentofModernTradeTheory•Principleofcomparativeadvantage,simplifiedmodel-assumptions:1.Theworldconsistsoftwonations•Each–useasingleinput,producetwocommodities2.Ineachnation,laboristheonlyinput•Fixedendowmentoflabor•Laborisfullyemployedandhomogeneous3.Laborcanmovefreelyamongindustries•Withinanation•Butisincapableofmovingbetweennations©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse10HistoricalDevelopmentofModernTradeTheory•Principleofcomparativeadvantage,simplifiedmodel-assumptions:4.Technology-fixedforbothnations•Differentnationsmayusedifferenttechnologies•Allfirmswithineachnation-acommonproductionmethodforeachcommodity5.Costsdonotvarywiththelevelofproductio