凯伯国际贸易第六章(英文原版课件)

TradeRegulationsandIndustrialPolicies©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse1PowerPointslidespreparedby:AndreeaChiritescuEasternIllinoisUniversityU.S.TariffPoliciesBefore1930•Therevenueargument•DominantmotivebehindtheearlytarifflawsoftheUnitedStates•Firsttarifflaw,1789•Followedby12moretarifflawsby1812•Today,tariffscollectedbythefederalgovernment=1%oftotalfederalrevenues©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse2U.S.TariffPoliciesBefore1930•Theprotectiveargument•1791,AlexanderHamilton,“ReportonManufacturers”•YoungindustriesoftheUnitedStatesbegrantedimportprotectionuntiltheycouldgrowandprosper•Theinfantindustryargument•Bythe1820sprotectionistsentimentsintheUnitedStateswerewellestablished©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse3U.S.TariffPoliciesBefore1930•Theprotectiveargument•1828,TariffofAbominations,45%duties•ProvokedtheSouth-wantedlowdutiesforitsimportedmanufacturedgoods•CompromiseTariffof1833•DownsizingofthetariffprotectionaffordedU.S.manufacturers©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse4U.S.TariffPoliciesBefore1930•1840sand1850s,U.S.government•Excessoftaxreceiptsoverexpenditures•Walkertariffs,23%•Toeliminatethebudgetsurplus•Furthertariffcuts,1857,16%•CivilWarera•MorillTariffsof1861,1862,and1864•MeansofpayingfortheCivilWar©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse5U.S.TariffPoliciesBefore1930•Late1800s,cheapforeignlaborargument•McKinleyandDingleyTariffs•1897,tariffsof46%•Payne-AldrichTariffof1909•Turningpointagainstrisingprotectionism•UnderwoodTariffof1913•Reduceddutiesto27%©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse6U.S.TariffPoliciesBefore1930•WorldWarI•Protectionistpressuresbuiltup•Early1920s,scientifictariffconcept•1922,Fordney-McCumberTariff•Tariffrates38%©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse7©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse8U.S.tariffhistory:averagetariffratesTABLE6.1Smoot-HawleyAct•Smoot-HawleyAct,1930•Averagetariffsof53%•Triedtodivertnationaldemandawayfromimportsandtowarddomesticallyproducedgoods•Retaliationby25tradingpartnersoftheU.S.•Severalnationstriedtorunatradesurplusbyreducingimports•Breakdownoftheinternationaltradingsystem©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse9Smoot-HawleyAct•Smoot-HawleyAct,1930•1932,U.S.exportsdecreasedbynearlytwo-thirds•PresidentHoover,protectionisttrap•RefusedtovetotheSmoot-HawleyAct•Compelledtohonorthe1928Republicanplatform•Tariffstoaidtheweakenedfarmeconomy•Boundtotradition•BoundtotheplatformoftheRepublicanPart©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse10Thefigureshowsthepatternofworldtradefrom1929to1933.FollowingtheSmoot-HawleyTariffActof1930,whichraisedU.S.tariffstoanaveragelevelof53percent,othernationsretaliatedbyincreasingtheirownimportrestrictions,andthevolumeofworldtradedecreasedastheglobaleconomyfellintotheGreatDepression©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword‐protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse11Smoot-Hawleyprotectionismandworldtrade,1929–1933(millionsofdollars)FIGURE6.1Smoot-HawleyAct•PresidentRoosevelt,1932•DemocratsdismantledtheSmoot-Hawleylegislation•Reciprocaltradeagreements•Tradeliberalization©2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeo