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子午线，经线parallel平行圈，纬线latitude经度longitude纬度elevation海拔altitude高度horizon地平线equator赤道Arctic北极Antarctic(Antarctica)南极expedition探险navigation航海topography地形，地形学continent大陆(highland)高地lowland低地basin盆地cavern(cave)洞穴oasis(沙漠)绿洲cleft(flaw)裂缝crevice(rift;slit)裂缝summit山顶range(山)脉valley峡谷gorge峡谷canyon峡谷channel(strait)海峡marine(maritime;oceanic)海的tide潮汐ebb(away)退潮sea-floorspreading海床扩展轮廓;海岸线continentalisland大陆岛volcanicisland火山岛coralisland珊瑚岛insular海岛的islet小岛peninsular半岛ledge暗礁remote-sensing遥感的terrain地域terrestrial地球的，陆地的terrestrialheat(geothermal)地热terrestrialmagnetism(geomagnetism)地磁subterranean(underground)地底下evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度sediment沉淀物，沉积物(stratum,复strata)地层plate板块fault断层faultplane断层面faultzone断层带(crack;split)断裂fossil化石petrify石化，硬化igneousrock火成岩sedimentaryrock沉积岩metamorphicrock变质岩quartz石英limestone石灰岩marble大理石granite花岗岩lithogenous岩成的lithosphere岩石圈mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床platinum白金，铂silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝汞，水银sodium钠fieldstone卵石gem宝石diamond钻石emerald绿宝石ruby红宝石crystal水晶glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacialepoch(age,period)冰川期glacialdrift冰渍iceberg冰山volcano火山activevolcano活火山(magma)火山岩浆magma岩浆volcanic火山的volcanicdust火山尘volcanicash火山灰earthquake(quake;tremor;seism)地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismicwave地震波cataclysm灾变3天文ASTRONOMY天文学astronomy天文学astronomical天文的巨大的(universe)宇宙cosmology宇宙学cosmic(universal)宇宙的cosmicradiation宇宙辐射radiation辐射emission发射，散发cosmicrays宇宙射线infraredray红外线celestial天的天体的celestialbody(heavenlybody)天体celestialmap/skyatlas天体图celestialsphere天球星系，银河intergalactic星系间的MilkyWay银河系dwarf(dwarfstar)白矮星quasar类星体，类星射电源star恒星stellar恒星的interstellar恒星间的solarsystem太阳系solarradiation太阳辐射solarcorona日冕chromospheres（太阳的）色球层photosphere光球convectionzone对流层radiativezone辐射层thermonuclearenergycore(asteroid)小行星interplanetary行星间的satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteorshower流星雨meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石chondrite球粒状陨石comet彗星revolve旋转，绕转spin旋转orbit轨道twinkle闪烁nakedeye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星(outerspace)太空，外层空间spacecraftspaceship宇宙飞船spaceman/astronaut宇航员，航天员spacesuit宇航服，航天服spaceshuttle航天飞机spacetelescope空间望远镜astronaut宇航员spacedebris太空垃圾ammonia氨absolutemagnitude绝对量级high-resolution高清晰度interferometer干扰仪(predict)预报barometer/indicator气压计climate气候balmy(moderate)温和的tepid(lukewarm)微温的chilly寒冷的frigid严寒的serene晴朗的atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层current(气)流vapor蒸汽evaporate蒸发damp(wet;dank;moist;humid)潮湿的humidity湿度潮湿;水分saturate饱和dew露frost霜fog(mist)雾smog烟雾droplet小水珠condense浓缩crystal水晶体结晶状的downpour/torrentialrain大雨tempest(storm)暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard(snowstorm)暴风雪avalanche(snowslide)雪崩precipitation(雨、露、雪等)降水breeze微风blast/gust一阵(twister,cyclone)龙卷风funnel漏斗，漏斗云disaster,calamity,catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge淹没drought旱灾arid干旱的5化学chemistry化学biochemistry生化chemicalproperty化学特性，化学性质chemicalcomposition(makeup)化学成分constitute构成组成constituent/component成分chemicalagent化学试剂(matter;material)物质element元素periodictable周期表ammonia氨氨水hydrogen氢oxygen氧nitrogen氮helium氦carbon碳calcium钙silicon硅silica硅土sulfur硫iodine碘blend混合液体循环加热/冷却derivative衍生物alchemy炼金术petroleum(oil)石油petroleumproducts石油产品crudeoil原油refine提炼，精炼impurity杂质gasoline汽油methane甲烷disintegration(decomposition)分解erosion腐蚀hackneyed陈腐的caustic腐蚀性的corrode腐蚀爆炸的;炸药explode(使)爆炸blast爆破kindle(ignite)燃起sear烧灼intermediary媒介物catalysis(复catalyses)催化作用catalyst催化剂artificial人造的synthetic合成的syntheticfiber人造纤维plastic塑料polymer聚合物polymerization聚合作用dye(pigment)染料染色tint上色scorch使褪色bleach漂白边缘force力pressure压力impetus推动力velocity速度