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1.Motivation分类：onomatopoeicmotivation拟声理据,morphologicalmotivation形态理据,semanticmotivation语义理据,etymologicalmotivation词源理据.2.Typesofmeaning:grammatical~&lexical~;conceptual~&associative~(connotative~,stylistic~,affective~,collocative~,)Associativemeaning:1)associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.2)Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminated.3)Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.4)Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.3.Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturallanguagethatonewordhastwoormoresensesormeanings.Diachronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudieshowawordderiveditsdifferentmeaningsfromitsprimarymeaninginthecourseoftime.4.同形同音异义关系Homonymyisoneofthefeaturesofwordsthatawordisdifferentinmeaningfromanother,buteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspellingwiththeotherHomonymsgenerallyfallintothreeclasses:perfecthomonyms(samename);homographs(samespelling)andhomophones（somesound）.Perfecthomonymsarethosewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,e.g.bear/bea/(n)alargeheavyanimal;bear/bea/(v)toputupwith.Homographsarethewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.saw//(v)toscatterseeds;sow/sau/(n)femaleadultpig.Homophonesrefertothewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.dear/dia/(n)alovedperson;deer/dia/(n)akindofanimal.5.同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.Thiscreatestheproblemofdifferentiation.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment.Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesserdegree,e.g.neck(See6.1Polysemy).Ontheotherhand,meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.6.同义关系Synonymsarewordswhichsharethesameornearlythesamemeaningwitheachotherbutdifferentinsoundandspelling.Thereareabsolutesynonymsandrelativesynonymswhichresultfromborrowing,dialectsandregionalEnglish,figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords,coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions.Thereexiststhedifferencebetweenoramongsynonymsintermsoftheirdenotation,connotationorapplication.Absolutesynonymsorcompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.Relativesynonymsornear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.SourcesofSynonyms1)Borrowing2)DialectsandregionalEnglish3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions如何区分同义词？1Differenceindenotation2Differenceinconnotation3Differenceinapplication7.Whatarethecharacteristicsofantonyms?1)Antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition2)Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.3)Antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion.4)Contrarytermsaregradableantonyms,differingindegreeofintenisty,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.8.上下义关系:Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Thatis,themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Superordinatesrefertosomegeneralwords;subordinatesdenotethosemorespecificwords.Hyponymycanbedescribedintermsoftree-likegraphs,withhigher-ordersuperordinatesabovethelowersubordinates.Buttheirstatuseitherassuperordinateorsubordinateisrelativetootherterms.Forexample,horse,dog,pigaresubordinatesinrelationtoanimal,butsuperordinatesofmare,houndandboar,Animalitselfbecomesasubordinateofcreature.Andcreatureinturnbecomes9.词义变化的种类Therearefivetypesofmeaning,changes:extension,narrowing,degradation,elevation,andtransferamongwhichextensionandnarrowingarethemostcommon.Changesinmeaningcanbeaccountedforfromextra-linguisticfactors(historicalreason,classreason,andpsychologicalreason)andintra-linguisticfactors(shortening,theinfluxofborrowing,andanalogy).10.词义的扩大Extensionisaprocessbywhichawordwithaspecializedsenseisgeneralizedtocoverabroaderorless词义的缩小Narrowingisaprocessbywhichawordofwidermeaningacquiresaspecializedsense；词义的升格Elevationisaprocessbywhichawordmovesfromaderogatoryorneutralsensetoaneutraland/orappreciativesense；词义的降格Degradationisaprocessbywhichawordofreputationslidesintoapejorativeuse,；11.词义的转移Transferisaprocessbywhichaworddenotingonethingchangestorefertoadifferentbutrelatedthing.Paperservesasanexample.ThiswordformerlydenotedanAfricanplantpapyrus,whichwasonceusedtomakepaper.Inmoderntimes,paperismadefromrags,wood,strawandthelike,buttheproducthasretainedthesamename.Thereisassociatedtransfer.Ther