13.Social Movements of the 1960s 社会运动

Questions:1.Whatwerethemajorsocialmovementsofthe1960s?Andwhatwasthehistoricalbackgroundofthatdecade?2.Whatarethelegaciesofthesocialmovementsofthe1960s?Whataretheireffects,positiveandnegative,uponcontemporaryUSsociety?What’ssocialmovement？1.“Asocialmovementisatypeofbehaviorinwhichalargenumberofparticipantsconsciouslyattempttochangeexistinginstitutionsandestablishaneworderoflife”,inotherwords,peopleworktogethertochangegovernmentpoliciesandsociety.2.Whatarethenecessarypartsofasocialmovement?P1413.Socialmovementsneedideasforsocialchange,collectiveactiontomakethechangeandorganizationtodirecttheactionandattractsupporters.Whydidthesocialmovementsbegin?1.BetweentheendofWWⅡandthe1960,manyAmericansworkedhardtoachievetheirdream.TheybelievedtheywerelivingtheAmericandream.2.Itshouldbenotedthatthecountercultureof1960'sAmericaintroducedforthefirsttimeanAmericanDreamdirectlyopposedtothetraditionalDream.Whereastraditionstressedmonetarygain,thehippiemovementvaluedspiritualgain.P1403.threegroups-Afro-Americans,youngpeopleandwomenweredissatisfiedwiththeirlives)TheCivilRightsMovements•SegregationlawsinSouthernstates•Spontaneity:Spontaneousactionofnonviolentcivildisobedience•Organization:Negrochurches,communityandpoliticalorganizations,supportforprotestagainstsegregation•Asaresult,segregationwasbreakingdowninthe1960s.•Threeimportantdirectaction:sit-intactics,freedomrides,voterregistration•In1964,theCivilRightsActwaspassed,MartinLutherKingwasgiventheNobelPeacePrize.Theyouthmovement/Anti-warmovement•AfterworkingintheSouthduring“FreedomSummer”in1964,manywhitestudentsfromtheNorthchangedgreatlyinappearanceandtheirattitudesandbeliefs.•Theygavespeechesaboutthecivilrightsmovement,aboutnonviolenceandtheneedtochangesocietyandworkedtogainsupportthecilvilrightsmovements.•FreeSpeechMovementP146•Counterculture/the“Hippies”/Lovegeneration•源于物质生活水平的极大丰富和接二连三生活问题的刺激，当时的年轻人生存在百无聊赖的迷惘和日益增强的社会责任感的双重矛盾中，在摇滚乐的催化下，年轻人开始融合这双重矛盾中，最终形成了那个时代最具代表性的文化现象——一种完全自发而纯粹精神性的运动，嬉皮运动。虽然有许多原因，但越南战争成为最终导致嬉皮运动全面爆发的导火索。战争开始后，数以万计的美国青年被派往前线，流血、死去。而在当时，越南战争明显是违反民意的，尤其在年青人当中更是如此。在1967年那个被称作summeroflove(爱之夏)的夏天里，“MakeLoveNotWar”(要爱情、不要战争)成为了最有号召力的嬉皮口号。很明显，人们至今对嬉皮还存在还很多误解。事实上，60年代留长发的不一定就是嬉皮、嬉皮扮相的也不一定就是嬉皮，更不要说仅仅沿袭了迷幻药、性解放的后来者，那么什么样才算是嬉皮呢?60年代老嬉皮是绝对排斥暴力的,他们只是消极地制造着自己的世外桃源，在“爱与和平”的思想下，用纯粹精神对抗社会既成的价值观念。TheWomen’sMovementItwasstartedbythreegroupsofwomenandanaccidentprofessionalwomen,whitehousewivesandmothers,youngactivistsinthecivilrightsTheaccidentwasawordintheCivilRightsActpassedin1964P148Whatarethelegaciesofthesocialmovementsofthe1960s?Whataretheireffects,positiveandnegative,uponcontemporaryUSsociety?P148SocialproblemsintheUSA1.Racialproblems2.Proverty3.Drugabuse4.Crime5.TheabuseofpowerbygovernmentandcorporationsRacialproblems1.Americansareprimarilyanationofimmigrants2.ThroughtheyshareacommonAmericanculture,thenationcontainsmanyracialandethnicsubcultureswiththeirowndistinctivecharacteristics,whichmaycauseracialconflicts3.Americansocietyisastratifiedoneintermsofpower,wealthandprestige,suchinequalityisnotonlyamatterofdistinctionsbetweensocialclassbutbetweenracialandethnicgroups,喜福会4.ThedominantwhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestantmajority/otherminoritygroup,taketheblacksforanexampleP157-158,fromtheCivilWartotheCivilRightsMovements,thecurrentstatuesofblackAmericans:.Housingremainshighlysegregated•美国社会的差别，就是一个社区的差别。不同的社区，就是不同的世界，住在同一个社区的人，收入大概差不太多，大概教育程度的差别也不太大。•美国的房地产商建造房子的时候，是按照社区的经济能力来建造的，就是说，假如这个社区每家的平均收入是十万美金，那么，他造的房子的底价大概就是三四十万美金，这样，只有年薪达到十万美金上下的家庭，才能够买得起这个区的房子。像北芝加哥镇那样的穷镇，学校花在每一个学生身上的费用，大概不到一千美金，而紧挨着它的一个小镇，很富，花在每一个学生身上的费用几乎上万元。这两个镇，只隔着一条街道。•有趣的是，芝加哥公牛队的球星皮蓬，虽然也是黑人，但却选择住在了黑人区的隔壁-富人区，而芝加哥公牛队的另一个大牌球星乔丹，则住在了另一个更远离黑人区更富的白人区。•美国公立学校的费用主要是由本镇居民所上缴的税金供应的，交税的钱越多，学校就越好。WhatdoespovertymeanintheUSA?WhyispovertyasocialprobleminAmerica？P160Abuseofpowerbygovernmentandcorporations•Americanlivesaredominatedbylargepublicandprivateorganizations.•Theseorganizations,originallyestablishedtosatisfyneedsandimprovethequalityoflives,areoftenexperiencedasoppressive,unresponsive,impersonal,inefficient,arrogantandevencorrupt.•TheWatergatescandaloftheearly1970s.水门事件指美国共和党政府在1972年总统竞选运动中的非法活动暴露后的政治丑闻。•Corporationsarewidelybelievedtobemoreconcernedwiththeirownprofitsthanwithsocialresponsibilityandthequalityorpriceoftheirproducts,orthetruthoftheiradvertising.