二语习得(L7正)

LessonSevenLearnerstrategiesTasks:1Writingapaperonthetopicthepositiveandnegativeroleofcommunicationstrategies1.WhatarethekindsofLearnerstrategies?2.Whatarelearningstrategies?3.Whatareproductionstrategies?4.Whatareplanningstrategies?5.Whatissemanticsimplification?6.Whatislinguisticsimplification?7.Whatarecorrectingstrategies?8.Whatareformalreductionstrategies?9.Whatarefunctionalreductionstrategies?10.Whatarecompensatorystrategies?11.Whatareretrievalstrategies?12.Whataretheeffectsofproficiencylevelontheuseofcommunicationstrategies?13.Whataretheeffectsoftheproblem-sourceontheuseofcommunicationstrategies/14.Whataretheeffectsofpersonalityontheuseofcommunicationstrategies?15.Whataretheeffectsofthelearningsituationontheuseofcommunicationstrategies?16.Whatistheroleofcommunicationstrategies?HistoryofofstrategiesstudyBeganin1970s1.Carton,A.1966.TheMethodofInfererenceinForeignLanguageLanguageStudy.2.Carton,A.1971.‘Inferencing:aprocessinusingandlearninglanguage’inPrimsleurandQuinn(eds.)Intralingualinference,interlingualinference,extralingualinference3.Rubin,J.1975.Whatthe‘goodlanguagelearner’canteachus.TESOLQuarterly9(1):41-45.4.Naimen,N.,M.Frohlich,A.Todesco,1975.ThegoodLanugagelearner.TESLTALK6(1):58-75.Hotissuein1980sWidelyapplicatedtolanguagetechingin1990sBackgroundofstrategiesstudystudiesoflearningstrategiesasan“explosionofactivity”inrecentyearsChangesinparadigm:Teacher/teaching-centeredtoLearner/learning-centeredDefinitionStrategyvstechniqueStern(1983)Strategyisgeneraltendenciesoroverallcharacteristicsoftheapproachemployedbythelanguagelearner,leavingtechniquestorefertoparticularformsofobservablelearningbehavior.ConsciousorsubconsciousChamot(1987)Learningstrategiesaretechniques,approachesordeliberateactionsthatstudentstakeinordertofacilitatethelearning,recallofbothlinguisticandcontentareainformation.Cohen(2006)Learners’consciousandsemi-consciousthoughtsandbehaviors,toimprovetheknowledgeandunderstandingofL2,aswellasstrategiesforusingthelanguagethathasbeenlearnedorforgettingaroundgapsinlanguageproficiency.DirecteffectonITLorindirecteffectonITLRubin(1987)Learningstrategiesarestrategieswhichcontributetothedevelopmentofthelanguagesystemwhichthelearnerconstructsandaffectlearningdirectly.Oxford(1990)BehavioralormentalLanguagelearningstrategiesarebehaviorsoractionswhichlearnersusetomakelanguagelearningmoresuccessful,self-directedandenjoyable.Winstein(1986)Learningstrategiesarethebehaviorsandthoughtsthatalearnerengagesinduringlearningthatareintendedtoinfluencethelearner’sencodingprocess.Thecharacteristicofstrategy1.StrategiesrefertobothgeneralapproachesandspecificactionsortechniquesusedtolearnanL22.Strategiesareproblem-oriented–thelearnerdeploysastrategytoovercomesomeparticularlearningproblem.3.Learnersaregenerallyawareofthestrategiestheyuseandcanidentefywhattheyconsistofiftheyareaskedtopayattentiontowhattheyaredoing/thinking.4.Strategiesinvolvelinguisticbehavior(suchasrequestingthenameoranobject)andnon-linguistic(suchaspointingatanobjectsoastobetolditsname).5.LinguisticstrategiescanbeperformedintheL1andintheL2.6.Somestrategiesarebehabiouralwhileothersaremental.Thussomestragegiesaredirectlyobservable,whileothersarenot.LearnerprocessesLearnerstrategiesdeclarative(rulesandchunksofspeechKnsocial(i.e.devicesformanaginginteractioninL2)proceduralforlearning(devicesforinternalizingorautomatizingL2kn)cognitiveproduction/reception(devicesforusingexistingresourcesautomatically)forusingcommunicationstrategies(devicesforcompensatingforinadequateresources)TypesoflearnerstrategyLearningstrategy学习策略Productionstrategy表达策略Communicationstrategy交际策略LearningstrategyLearningstrategiesinformulaicspeechlearningLearningstrategiesincreativelanguagelearningLearningstrategiesinformulaicspeechlearningroutines(wholeutterancesasmemorizedchunks)Formulaicspeechpatterns(partiallyunanalysedandhaveoneormoreopenslots)(eg.CanIhave____?)scripts(greetingsequences)LearningstrategiesinformulaicspeechlearningLearningstrategiesinformulaicspeechlearning:PatternmemorizationPatternimitationPatternanalysisLearningstrategiesProcessandstrategiesincreativelanguagelearningProcessstrategyHypothesisformationsimplification(1)overgeneralization(2)transferinferencing(1)intralingual(viaintakeanalysis)(2)extralingualHypothesistestingReceptive(viaintakeanalysis)ProductiveMetalingualinteractionalAutomatizationFormalpracticeFunctionalpracticeProductionstrategiesPlanningstrategiessemanticsimplificationlinguisticsimplificationCorrectingstrategies:monitoringCommunicationstrategiesTypologyofcommunicationstrategiesTheeffectsofdifferentvariablesontheuseofcommunicationstrategiesTheroleofcommunicationstrategiesATypologyofcommunicationstrategies(P184)AReductionstrategies1Formalreductionstrategies2FunctionalreductionstrategiesBAchievementstrategies1compensatorystrategies2RetrievalstrategiesAReductionstrategies1Formalreductionstrategies2FunctionalreductionstrategiesTheeffectsofdifferentvariablesontheuseofcommunicationst