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4Loveandlogic:ThestoryofafallacyUnit1SectionAFOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHINGANDRESEARCHPRESSAIRFORCEENGINEERINGUNIVERTISYDoingtherightthingisnottheproblem.Knowingwhattherightthingis,that’sthechallenge.—LyndonB.Johnson(36thUSpresident)Itisonethingtobecleverandanothertobewise.—GeorgeR.R.Martin(Americanauthor)41UNITLifeandLogicSectionA41LifeandLogicUNITLoveandlogic:ThestoryofafallacyObjectivesTotalkaboutloveandlogicTofurtherunderstandthetextToapplythephrasesandpatternsTomasterthenarrativeessaywritingskillContentsALoveandlogic:ThestoryofafallacySectionWarming-upActivitiesTextStudyLanguageApplicationSummaryASectionWarming-upActivitiesLead-inPre-readingActivitiesCulturalBackgroundLoveandlogic:Thestoryofafallacy1.Whatdoyouknowaboutlogic?•Itistheuseandstudyofvalidreasoning;•Mostprominentinthesubjectsofphilosophy,mathematics,andcomputerscience;•EstablishedasaformaldisciplinebyAristotle;•Oneoftheclassicaltrivium(三学科),theothertwobeinggrammarandrhetoric;•Dividedintothreeparts:inductivereasoning,abductivereasoning,anddeductivereasoning.2.Doyouthinkitispossibletodealwithlifeinacompletelyrationalandlogicalway?•Whenitcomestomakingachoice,manypeopletendtouserationalandlogicalreasoning;•Malesaremorerationalthanfemales;•Rationalworldisnotnecessarilyawonderfulone;•Rationalindividualscanmakechoicesthatarebadnewsforothers;•Itisridiculoustodealwithloveinalogicalway.Thefollowingaresomestatementstotestyourreasoningability.Tellwhethertheconclusionsaftertheword“Therefore”aretrue(T),false(F),oruncertain(U).Writeyouransweronthelinebeforeeachstatement.TrueorFalsePre-readingActivities1.Alloddnumbersareintegers(整数).Allevennumbersareintegers.Therefore,alloddnumbersareevennumbers.2.Therearenodancersthataren’tslimandnosingersthataren’tdancers.Therefore,allsingersareslim.3.Atoothpick(牙签)isuseful.Usefulthingsarevaluable.Therefore,atoothpickisvaluable.4.Threepencilscostthesameastwoerasers.Foureraserscostthesameasoneruler.Therefore,pencilsaremoreexpensivethanrulers.5.ClassAhasahigherenrollmentthanClassB.ClassChasalowerenrollmentthanClassB.Therefore,ClassAhasalowerenrollmentthanClassC.Pre-readingActivitiesTrueorFalseFTTFF6.Afruitbasketcontainsmoreapplesthanlemons.Therearemorelemonsinthebasketthanoranges.Therefore,thebasketcontainsmoreapplesthanoranges.7.Takingthetrainacrosstownisquickerthantakingthebus.Takingthebusacrosstownisslowerthandrivingacar.Therefore,takingthetrainacrosstownisquickerthandrivingacar.8.AllthetulipsinZoe’sgardenarewhite.AlltherosesinZoe’sgardenareyellow.Therefore,alltheflowersinZoe’sgardenareeitherwhiteoryellow.Pre-readingActivitiesTrueorFalseTUULogicistheuseandstudyofvalid.Thestudyoflogicfeaturesmostprominentlyinthesubjectsofphilosophy,,andcomputerscience.PhilosophicalreasoningmathematicsListentoashortpassageonlogic,andfillinthemissinginformation.Logicwasstudiedinseveralancient,includingIndia,China,PersiaandGreece.IntheWest,logicwasestablishedasaformalbyAristotle,whogaveitafundamentalplaceinphilosophy.Thestudyoflogicwaspartoftheclassicaltrivium(三学科),whichalsoincludedandrhetoric.civilizationsdisciplinegrammarListentoashortpassageonlogic,andfillinthemissinginformation.LogicwasfurtherbyAl-Farabiwhocategorizeditintotwoseparategroups(ideaand).Later,Avicennarevivedthestudyoflogicanddevelopedrelationshipbetweentemporalisandthe(时间与意义).IntheEast,logicwasdevelopedbyHindus,BuddhistsandJains(耆那教徒).extendedproofimplicationListentoashortpassageonlogic,andfillinthemissinginformation.Logicisoftendividedintothreeparts:reasoning,abductivereasoning,anddeductivereasoning.inductiveListentoashortpassageonlogic,andfillinthemissinginformation.QuestionsPreviewing1.Whatisafallacy?Andhowisitused?2.Howmanytypesoffallacydoyouknow?TipsTipsCulturalBackgroundLogicandFallacy1.Whatisafallacy?Andhowisitused?•Anerrorinreasoningthatrendersanargumentlogicallyinvalid;•Byaccidentordesign,logicalfallaciesareoftenusedindebateorpropaganda;•Tomisleadpeople;•Todistractpeoplefromtherealissueforthepurposeofwinninganargument.CulturalBackgroundLogicandFallacy2.Howmanytypesoffallacydoyouknow?•RedHerring(转移话题)•BeggingtheQuestion(循环论证)•SlipperySlope(滑坡谬误)•Bandwagon(从众谬误)•FalseDilemma(伪两难谬误)•FalseCause(posthoc)(假因谬误)•AdHominem(人身攻击)•AppealtoAuthority(诉诸权威)•DictoSimpliciter(绝对判断)•HastyGeneralization(草率结论)•AdMisericordiam(文不对题)•FalseAnalogy(错误类比)CulturalBackgroundLogicandFallacyMainIdea&StructureLanguageFocusCriticalThinkingTextStudyASectionLoveandlogic:ThestoryofafallacyWhatdidthenarratordowithhisroommateRob?(Para.1)TipsTheymadeadealthatthenarratorgivesRobhisleatherjacket,andRob,inexchange,givesthenarratorhisgirlfriend.WhydidthenarratorwanttohavePollyashisgirlfriend?(Paras.2-3)Tips•Pretty,well-off,radiant;•Therightbackgroundtobethegirlfriendofadogged,brilliantlawyer;•Helpthenarratorinhiscompetitionwithotherapplicantstosomeelitelawfirms.Theauthorsetsthesceneofthestorybyprovidinginformationaboutthefour“wh-”words:who,where,what,andwhy.“Who”referstothenarrator,hisroommateRob,andthebeautifulgirlPolly.“Where”refersto.“What”and“why”refertowhattodoandwhytodoit:ThenarratordecidestomakePolly“”be