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独立写作框架•一边倒式：个人观点---reason1---reason2---reason---3---conclusion•让步式：个人观点—reason1—reason2—让步段—conclusion开头段introductionskillIntroductionskill1:MakingaconcessionQuestionDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Itismoreimportantforateachertohelpstudentsgainself-confidencethantoteachthemspecificknowledge.Sample–Introduction•(Step1)Undoubtedly,ateacher’smainresponsibilityistoteachsomeusefulknowledgetohisorherstudents.Afterall,thatiswhyourschoolsareestablishedandhowoureducationalsystemsaredesigned.(Step2)对前面的论点虚弱However,therearesomeotherandperhapsmoreimportantfunctionsofeducation.(Step3)Inmyopinion,helpingstudentstogainconfidenceinthemselvesisamoresignificanttaskforeveryteacherthanmerelygivingthemallsortsofknowledgeThreeSteps•1.认可对立面观点的正确性（1-2句话）Undoubtedly,ateacher’smainresponsibilityistoteachknowledge…•2.用转折词进行过渡However/Nevertheless,…•3.给出己方鲜明的观点Helpingstudentstogainconfidenceis…PracticeQuestionDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Forfuturecareersuccess,itismoreimportanttorelatewelltootherpeoplethantostudyhardinschool.Undoubtedly,itissignificantforstudentstostudyhardinschool.Afterall,learningknowledgefromtextbookistheirownduty.Nevertheless,therearesomeotherandmorevitalskillstheyaresupposedtolearn.AsfarasIamabletoconcerned,whatismoreessentialistogetalongwellwiththeothers.Layafoundationintheircareer.Introductionskill2:DescribingaphenomenonQuestionDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplewithdifferentinterestsandpersonalitiescannotbefriends.Sample–Introduction(Step1)Inmodernsociety,放大（用于具体的话题）、像抽象，名称不可以socialactivityhasbecomeavitalpartinourstudy,workandlife.(Step2)Thus,makingmanyfriendsisanagreeableresultofthisphenomenon.Interestingly,Ialwaysexperiencealotoffunfrommydearfriendsbecauseweoftendiscussdifferentthingsandsharedisparatehobbies.自己、名人、名言(Step3)Clearly,itisquitereasonablethatpeoplewithdifferentinterestsandpersonalitiesaremorelikelytobecomefriends.ThreeSteps•1.放大话题，引出现象(1句话)Makingfriends→havingsocialactivity•2.用现象联系题目（1-2句话）•3.亮出观点，明确表明立场（1句话）Peoplewhoaredifferentcanbefriends.Introductionskill3:Expressingyourviews•Question•Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?ItismoreimportanttoachievesuccessthantoremainhappyandoptimisticwhenyoufailSample–Introduction•Inmodernsociety,successhasbecomeabuzzwordinalmosteveryareaoflifeasmoreandmoreyoungpeopleareaspiringtoachievegreatsuccessandprovetheirworthintheirchosenfields.(Viewexpression)Frommypointofview,althoughitisimportanttosetuptargetsandachievethemstepbystep,theabilitytostaycheerfulandhopefulandnottobedauntedbytemporarysetbacksandfailuresisperhapsofgreatersignificance•同义词/近义词/词性转换：success→succeed;happy→cheerful;remainoptimistic→keepuphighspirits•改换句式结构：benotdauntedbyfailuresMainBodySkill1:Argumentation议论文是对某个问题或某件事进行分析来表明自己的观点的一种文体;通常为了使得该文体特征更加突出,就要求写作的风格精炼有条理怎样使写作更有条理呢？•逻辑顺序词:表达议论文中论证逻辑的先后顺序•作用信号词:表达议论文中论证逻辑的目的作用•程度修饰词:增加议论文中论证逻辑的严密合理性逻辑顺序词•SequenceFirst/Firstly/Initially/Inthefirstplace/Tobeginwith/Tostartwith,…Second/Secondly/Next/Then/Inthesecondplace,…Third/Thirdly/Lastly/Finally/Eventually,…•CausalrelationshipSo/Accordingly/Asaresult,xxx.Therefore/Consequently/Hence,xxx.•ConclusionInaword/Inconclusion/Inbrief,xxx.Inshort/Insummary/Tosumup,xxx.Onthewhole/Tosummarize,xxx.作用信号词•Giveanexample•Forexample/instance,…•Take…asexample.•Considerthissituation/case,…•Makeananalogy•Similarly/Likewise/Equally,…•Displayaturn•Incontrast/Onthecontrary,…•Instead/Conversely/However,…•Nevertheless/Unfortunately,…•furtherexplanation•Thatis/Tostateitmoreclearly,…•Thatistosay,…•Showemphasis•Inparticular/Especially/Indeed,xxx.•Apparently/Ofcourse/Clearly,xxx.•Obviously/Infact/Afterall,xxx.程度修饰词•weakenpresumably/probably/possibly/mayPerhaps/Maybexxx.bemore/lesslikelytodosthmostly/nearly/almost/mostof/mostmainly/occasionally/generally/commonly•strengthentotally/absolutely/entirelythoroughly/completely/fullyundoubtedly/exactly/definitelyextremely/exhaustively/mustnever/bynomeans/nolongerQuestionDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplebuythingsnotbecausetheyneedbutbecauseothershave.Sample–Mainbody•Obviously,peoplemaybuythingsoutofthelackofsenseofcommunitybelonging,alsocalled“followthecrowd”.Considerthesituation:yourcolleaguesandfriendsallbuytheX-box,butyoudon’tlikegames,soyouhavenodesireforagamemachine.Unfortunately,whenyouarewithyourfriendsandcolleagues,thesepeoplearoundyouarealwaystalkingaboutit,theX-box,andthenyoufeelthatyou’vebeenshutout.Underthissituation,willyoubuyoneinordertoreintegrateintotheenvironment?Iwill.Maybeyoudon‘tneedtheproduct,butit’sverypossibleforyoutobuyitifotherpeoplehaveone,becauseitcouldbeabridgeofcommunication,thecommontopic,betweenyouandothersMainBodySkill2:Givingexamples议论文中最常见的论证手法是列举(确凿),充分,或有代表性的事例来证明论点。ExamplePatterns•Personalexperience个人的例子：家人、朋友•Describingcelebrities名人的例子，更有说服力不要掺杂个人感情色彩，要PersonalExperienceType•realexperience→ensureitsrelevance•fictionalexperience→promiseitsrationalityCaution•Donotdevelopyourexperienceslowly不要打流水帐QuestionDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Governmentshouldspendmoremoney