Environment and Urbanization-2011-Moser-463-85

://eau.sagepub.com/content/23/2/463Theonlineversionofthisarticlecanbefoundat: DOI:10.1177/0956247811418739201123:463EnvironmentandUrbanizationCarolineMoserandAlfredoSteinmethodologicalguidelineImplementingurbanparticipatoryclimatechangeadaptationappraisals:a  Publishedby:  InternationalInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopmentcanbefoundat:EnvironmentandUrbanizationAdditionalservicesandinformationfor    : : : : : WhatisThis? -Oct10,2011VersionofRecordatTongjiUniversityonApril1,2013eau.sagepub.comDownloadedfrom463Environment&UrbanizationCopyright©2011InternationalInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopment(IIED).Vol23(2):463–485.DOI:10.1177/0956247811418739(PCCAA),illustratedwithexamplesfromappraisalsinMombasa(Kenya)andEstelí(Nicaragua).Ithighlightstheimportanceofhearinglocalpeople’svoicesregardingincrementallyworseningandoftenunrecordedsevereweather.Theconceptualframeworkdistinguishesbetweentheanalysisofassetvulnerabilityandtheidentificationofasset-basedoperationalstrategies,andsetsoutanumberofmethodologicalprinciplesandpracticesforundertakingaPCCAA.ThisPCCAAaddressedfivemainthemes:communitycharacteristics;severeweather;vulnerabilitytosevereweather;assetadaptation;andinstitutionssupportinglocaladaptation.Foreachofthese,itidentifiedpotentialtoolsforelicitinginformation,illustratedbyexamplesfromMombasaandEstelí.KEYWORDSassetadaptation/assetvulnerability/climatechange/participatoryurbanappraisalmethodology/severeweatherI.INTRODUCTIONThispaperpresentsfindingsfromanurbanparticipatoryclimatechangeadaptationappraisal(PCCAA)undertakeninMombasa(Kenya)andEstelí(Nicaragua).ThePCCAAincludedtheperceptionsofcommunitygroups,smallbusinessesandhouseholdsconcerningtheimpactsofsevereweatherontheircapitalassets–physical,social,humanandfinancial–aswellastheirperceptionsoftherolethatlocalinstitutionsplayinhelpingthemtobuildlong-termresilience,protecttheirassetsduringsevereweatherandrebuildthemaftersuchevents.ThemethodologyintroducedinthispaperwasadaptedfromearlierresearchbyCarolineMoser,CathyMcIlwaineandothercolleagues,whomodifiedparticipatoryruralappraisal(PRA)foruseinurbancontexts.Thisurbanmodification,usedincitiesinJamaica,ColombiaandGuatemala,(1)includedthedevelopmentofmethodologyspecificallygearedtounderstandinglocalcommunityperceptionsofurbanviolenceandinsecurityand,inColombia,tobuildthecapacityofawomen’sorganizationtoparticipateinpeace-buildingprocesses.(2)Theuseofthismethodologytounderstandlocalpeople’sperceptionsofadaptationtosevereweatherisstillintheearlystagesofdevelopment.Thispaper,reportingonthetoolsandmethodsusedinMombasaandEstelí,isintendedtoassistresearcherswishingtoundertakesimilarappraisalsofCarolineMoserisProfessorofUrbanDevelopmentandDirectoroftheGlobalUrbanResearchCentreattheUniversityofManchester.Address:TheGlobalUrbanResearchCentre(GURC),UniversityofManchester,Manchester,M139PL,UK;e-mail:[e-mail];:GlobalUrbanResearchCentre(GURC),UniversityofManchester,Manchester,M139PL;e-mail:[e-mail];website:(3)anddrewonapro-poorclimatechangeassetadaptationframework.(4)ComplementingthePCCAAweretwofurthercomponents.Thefirstwasarapidriskandinstitutionalappraisal,whichprovidesa“top-down”reviewofthepolicydomainintermsoftheinstitutionstaskedtodealwithclimatechange,therelevantnational,regionalandmunicipallevelpolicies,regulationsandmandatesrelatingtoclimatechange,aswellasassociatedprogrammesandalsobudgetaryallocations.Thesecondcomponentwastheconsultation/validationofresults,whichvariesdependingontheengagementofdifferentsocialactors.InEstelí,anactionplanningexercisetriangulatedtheresults,allowingurbanpoorcommunitiesandpublicauthoritiestoidentifyco