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FiguresofSpeechPhoneticRhetoric•alliteration•onomatopoeiaAlliteration•Definition:Alliterationisaliteraryorrhetoricalstylisticdevicethatconsistsinrepeatingthesameconsonantsoundatthebeginningofseveralwordsinclosesuccession.头韵是英语语音修辞手段之一,它蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美,使得语言声情交融、音义一体,具有很强的表现力和感染力Examples•HowandwhyhehadcometoPrinceton,NewJerseyisastoryofstruggle,success,andsadness•AndtellthepleasantPrincethismockofhis/Hathturnedhisballstogunstones--byWilliamShakespeare•Allthesellersofmaterialforclothes,curtains,chaircoverandso---frombookOnomatopoeia•Definition:Anonomatopoeiaoronomatopœia,fromtheGreek,isawordthatimitatesorsuggeststhesourceofthesoundthatitdescribes.拟声法是指用词语模拟客观事物的声音,以增强讲话或文字的实际音感.•Examples•Plop,plop,fizz,fizz,ohwhatareliefitis.(sloganofAlkaSeltzer,U.S.)•Klunk!Klick!Everytrip(U.K.promotionforseatbelts)Ontherootoftheschoolhousesomepigeonsweresoftlycooing.•itscreaksblendingwiththesqueakingandrumblingofthegrindingwheelsand---（frombook）StructureRhetoric•antithesis•parallelism•inversionAntithesis•Definition:Antithesisisacounter-propositionanddenotesadirectcontrasttotheoriginalproposition.Insettingtheopposite,anindividualbringsoutofacontrastinthemeaning(eg.,thedefinition,interpretation,orsemantics)byanobviouscontrastintheexpression.平行对照是一种相互关系的对比，并且通过其反映出与原物体的直接的不同.Examples•Loveisanidealthing,marriagearealthing.(Goethe)•Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness---(CharlesDickens,ATaleofTwoCities)•Manproposes,GoddisposesParallelism•Definition:Parallelismmeanstogivetwoormorepartsofthesentencesasimilarformsoastogivethewholeadefinitepattern.排比是一种修辞手法，利用三个或三个以上意义相关或相近，结构相同或相似和语气相同的词组或句子并排，达到一种加强语势的效果。•Thelongingforlove,thesearchforknowledge,andunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.Examples•Theinherentviceofcapitalismistheunequalsharingofblessing;theinherentvirtueofsocialismistheequalsharingofmiseries.(Churchill)•Themorewedo,themorewecando.(WilliamHazlitt)Inversion•Definition:Inversionisusedtogiveemphasisortoberhetoricalinmoreformalsituations,inpoliticalspeeches,onthenews,andalsoinliterature.倒装就是改变句子中词语的位置---谓语提前。Examples•AtnotimedidIsayIwouldacceptlatehomework.•LittledidIknowthathewasacompulsiveliar.•Ineachshopsittheapprentices--boysandyouths,someofthemincrediblyyoung----frombookSemanticRhetoric•simile;metaphor;synecdoche;metonymy;allusion;oxymoron;euphemism;contrast;antithesis；pun；transferredepithet;Irony;sarcasm;personification;hyperbole;repetition;parodySimile•Definition:Asimileisafigureofspeechcomparingtwounlikethings,oftenintroducedwiththewordlikeoras.SimilesallowthetwoideastoremaindistinctinspiteoftheirsimilaritiesExamples•Curleywasfloppinglikeafishonaline.•TheverymistontheEssexmarsheswaslikeagauzyandradiantfabric.•avastsombrecavernofaroom---(frombook)MetaphorDefinition:Ametaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikethings,butthecomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。GermangunsandGermanplanesraineddownbombs,shellsandbullets...Examples•Thestreetswereafurnace,thesunanexecutioner.(CynthiaOzick,Rosa)•Theraincamedowninlongknittingneedles.(EnidBagnold,NationalVelvet)•seeafairylandofdancingflashes,astheburnishedcoppercatchesthelightofinnumerablelampsandbraziers.(frombook)Synecdoche•Definition:Asynecdocheisafigureofspeechinwhichtheoneofthefollowing(oritsreverse)isexpressed:apartstandsforawhole,anindividualstandsforaclassandamaterialstandsforathing.•提喻是指用部分代表整体，或用整体代表部分的修辞方法。•e.g.•Twoheadsarebetterthanone.三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。•Greatmindsthinkalike.英雄所见略同。•这里head,mind均是以人体的某部分来代表人这一整体Metonymy•Definition:Metonymyisafigureofspeechusedinrhetoricinwhichathingorconceptisnotcalledbyitsownname,butbythenameofsomethingintimatelyassociatedwiththatthingorconcept.（借代）换喻不像明喻、暗喻等比喻形式那样利用不同类对象的相似或类同点构成比较，而是利用对象之间的某种联系来唤起他人的联想，从而避免直说。•e.g.•Acatinglovescatchesnomice.戴手套的猫捉不到耗子。（意即四体不勤的人办不好事情。）•Oneswallowdoesnotmakeasummer.独燕不成夏。（意即一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。）Allusion•Definition:Anallusionisafigureofspeechthatmakesareferenceto,orrepresentationof,aplace,event,literarywork,myth,orworkofart,eitherdirectlyorbyimplication.影射；暗指：暗指的行为；间接提及•e.g.：Adonisisamythicalcharacterwhoisthemosthandsome.•SomecallMarcosamodernHitler.Oxymoron•Definition:oxymoronisafigureofspeechthatcombinestwonormallycontradictoryterms.•e.g.：Thatbuildingisalittlebitbigandprettyugly.•Ayawnmaybedefinedasasilentyell.Euphemism•Definition:Substitutionofaninoffensivetermforoneconsideredoffensivelyexplicit.•e.g.：Mr.Prince:We'llseeyouwhenyougetbackfromimageenhancementcamp.MartinPrince:Sparemeyoureuphemisms!It'sfatcamp,forDaddy'schubbylittlesecret!•PaulKersey:You'vegotaprimefigure.Youreallyhave,youknow.JoannaKersey:That'saeuphemismforfat.Contrast•Definition:：Contrastisthedissimilarityordifferencebetweenthings.•e.g.：Unitedwestand,dividedwefall.•Carefulandcarelessareasdifferentasfireandwater.Antithesis•Definition:：Antithesisisacounter-propositionanddenotesadirectcontrasttotheoriginalproposition.平行对照是一种相互关系的对比，并且通过其反映出与原物体的直接的不同.•Manproposes,Goddisposes•Loveisanidealthing,marriagearealthing.•Wemustlearntolivetogeth