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Chapter1:IntroductionofpublicadministrationAgendaWhatdoespublicadministrationlooklike?1Aneraofage2Thetraditionalmodelofpublicadministration3Theriseofthenewpublicmanagement4一、Whatdoespublicadministrationlooklike?•Affordpublicservice？•Dopublicaffairs?•Publicsecurity？•Economicdevelopmentincharge?•Implementpolicybygovernment？•......•Publicadministrationcanbebroadlydescribedasthedevelopment,implementationandstudyofbranchesofgovernmentpolicy.Thepursuitofthepublicgoodbyenhancingcivilsociety,ensuringawell-run,fair,andeffectivepublicservicearesomeofthegoalsofthefield.•Publicadministrationiscarriedoutbypublicservantswhoworkinpublicdepartmentsandagencies,atalllevelsofgovernment,andperformawiderangeoftasks.•PublicadministrationisanecessarypartofgovernmentPublicadministrationGovernment?≠＝orConsititutionLegislativepowerAdministrativepowerJudicialpowerParliamentGovernmentJudicialsectorPublicadministrationactivities•(一)Thestudyofpublicadministration•(二)History•(三)Publicadministrationandbusinessadministration•(四)Definition(一)ThestudyofpublicadministrationAcademicdisciplineProfessionalactivitiesTwoapproachesPublicadministrationisalsoanartthatcomplicatesthestudyofpublicadministration•Publicadministrationisalsoanacademicfield.Incomparisonwithrelatedfieldssuchaspoliticalscience,publicadministrationisrelativelynew,havingemergedinthe19thcentury.•Multidisciplinaryincharacter,itdrawsontheoriesandconceptsfrompoliticalscience,economics,sociology,administrativelaw,management,andarangeofrelatedfields.•Thegoalsofthefieldofpublicadministrationarerelatedtothedemocraticvaluesofimprovingequality,justice,security,efficiency,effectivenessofpublicservices;businessadministrationisprimarilyconcernedwithprofit.•Forafieldbuiltonconcepts(accountability,governance,decentralization,clientalism),theseconceptsareoftenill-definedandtypologiesoftenignorecertainaspectsoftheseconcepts.1.Publicadministrationinacademia•IntheUnitedStates,theacademicfielddrawsheavilyonpoliticalscienceandlaw.•InEurope(notablyinBritainandGermany),thedivergenceofthefieldfromotherdisciplinescanbetracedtothe1720scontinentaluniversitycurriculum.Formally,officialacademicdistinctionsweremadeinthe1910sand1890s,respectively.•ReturningagaintotheUnitedStates,theFederalistPapersreferredtotheimportanceofgoodadministrationatvarioustimes.Further,scholarssuchasJohnA.Rohrwritesofalonghistorybehindtheconstitutionallegitimacyofgovernmentbureaucracy.FederalistPapers•Ifmenwereangels,nogovernmentwouldbenecessary.•TheFederalistPapersareaseriesof85articlesadvocatingtheratificationoftheUnitedStatesConstitution.Seventy-sevenoftheessayswerepublishedseriallyinTheIndependentJournalandTheNewYorkPacketbetweenOctober1787andAugust1788.Acompilationoftheseandeightothers,calledTheFederalist;or,TheNewConstitution.•AlexanderHamilton•JamesMadison•JohnJay•WethePeopleoftheUnitedStates,inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion,establishJustice,ensuredomesticTranquility,provideforthecommondefence,promotethegeneralWelfare,andsecuretheBlessingsofLibertytoourselvesandourPosterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.—PreambletotheConstitution•Howtorealizeagoodadministrationaccordingtofederalists?Question2.Publicmanagement•Oneminortraditionthatthemorespecifictermpublicmanagementreferstoordinary,routineortypicalmanagementconcerns,inthecontextofachievingpublicgood.•Othersarguethatpublicmanagementasanew,economicallydrivenperspectiveontheoperationofgovernment.Wewillseethatthislatterviewisoftencallednewpublicmanagementbyitsadvocates.•Newpublicmanagementrepresentsareformattempt,aimedatreemphasizingtheprofessionalnatureofthefield.Thiswillreplacetheacademic,moralordisciplinaryemphasis.Sometheoristsadvocateabrightlinedifferentiationoftheprofessionalfieldfromrelatedacademicdisciplineslikepoliticalscienceandsociology;itremainsinterdisciplinaryinnature.Case1:宁波:创新居家养老模式•日前，浙江省宁波市公布了2009年市政府为民办实事项目，“新增实质性开展居家养老服务行政村150个”列入其中。这也是自2006年以来宁波市居家养老服务工作第三次列入市政府为民办实事工程。•宁波市是全国较早开展居家养老服务工作的地区之一。他们2004年初开始在城市部分社区启动居家养老服务试点，2006年开始了从城市逐步向农村拓展和延伸的探索。截至2008年年底，宁波市居家养老服务工作已在全市90%的社区和7.2%的行政村开展。全市现已在社区（街道）建立了136个有综合服务功能的居家养老服务中心（站），在农村建有184个居家养老服务中心（站）。据统计，该市现有900多名居家养老服务员和近2万名为老服务志愿者（义工），通过服务中心（站）现场服务、上门服务和结对帮扶等方式为城乡6000多名重点困难老人提供不同程度的养老服务保障，其中2000多名老人享受每月50元至250元的政府购买居家养老服务或服务补贴。Governmentchangespublicserviceprovidingstyleandsearchesforcooperationwithenterprises.summary•Publicadministrationtheoryisthedomaininwhichdiscussionsofthemeaningandpurposeofgovernment,bureaucracy,budgets,governance,andpublicaffairstakesplace.Inrecentyears,publicadministrationtheoryhasperiodicallyconnotedaheavyorientationtowardcriticaltheoryandpostmodernphilosophicalnotionsofgovernment,governance,andpower.However,manypublicadministrationscholarssupportaclassicdefinitionofthetermemphasizingconstitutionality,service,bureaucraticformsoforganization,andhierarchicalgovernment.TraditionalpublicadministrationNewpublicmanagement（二）HistoryAntiquitytotheearly19thcenturyMid-1800s-1930s1940sPost-WorldWarII-1970s1980s1990s1.Antiquitytotheearly19thcentury•Citypolitics•Class