太阳光发电系统介绍

1太陽光發電系統介紹Solarcell篇MotechIndustriesInc.2Solarcell種類種類備註1.CrystallinesiliconsolarcellA.MonocrystallineB.Multicrystalline88%Market數百micronsC-Si2.ThinfilmsolarcellA.AmorphoussiliconB.Polycrystallinematerals12%Market1microna-Si(amorphous)C1.CdTeC2.Copperindiumdiselenide(CISorCIGS)金屬與另一惰性金屬接觸時所產生之電化腐蝕現象3SolarCell製作A.將n-type摻雜，塗佈在p-type之表面。B.印刷導引線(光與電阻性損失最小)最大光吸收及電流收集。Silica(SiO2)高溫去氧化冶金級98%pureMonosilane複晶矽單晶矽晶碇10-9CZFZ切割拋光清洗蝕刻表面處理P/N擴散電漿蝕刻抗反射模沈積電極網印燒結鍍錫SolarCell4price信賴度矽Single15~24BA+Multi10~18AAa-Si8~13A+A化合物GaAs19~32B-A+CdTe10~15AACuInSe210~12AA染料TiO27~11A+B有機半導體2以下A+B-Solarcell比較5PVModulePerformanceRating測試環境1.Thepeakwatt(Wp)ratingA.TempB.Solarradiation(AM1.5)但如此實驗室的狀態不實際。2.NOCT-normaloperatingcelltemperature在一定之室外溫度下所測得之最大功率，雖較Wp為低，但較真實。3.AMPMstandardglobal-averageday:lightlevel,ambienttemperature,airmass61.PowerOutput：一天內產生之peakpoweroravgpower。(watts)2.EnergyOutput：(Wh)在一定之週期下評估以上3項目3.Conversionefficiency：energyoutputfromarrayenergyinputfromsun評價單位：1EEE、ASTM(AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials)ABCWh/m2Wh/KgWh/$x100%ElectricalPerformance7影響日照的因素8光波頻譜9VIPoweriseithergeneratedordissipated,dependingonthequadrantyouarein.1STQuadrant:Dissipation3DQuadrant:Dissipation2NDQuadrant:Generation4THQuadrant:Generation10IVDarkCharacteristicLightCharacteristicIVPowerGeneratingRegionPowerDissipatingRegionPowerDissipatingRegion11TheVIcharacteristicofasolarcellisusuallydisplayedlikethis:VIVIThecoordinatesystemisflippedaroundthevoltageaxis.12PowerisafunctionofpositionalongtheVIcharacteristic.Attheintercepts,itisminimum-zero-increasingtoamaxnearthekneeofthecurve.13Set#1:ISC,PMAX,VOC(0.5V,0mA)VI=0mW(0.43V,142mA)VI=61mWISCVOCPMAX(0V,150mA)VI=0mWSometypicalvalues14TheshortcircuitcurrentISCisalinearfunctionofsunlightintensity.TheopencircuitvoltageVOCisnot.(VOCisweaklydependentontemperature.)RecallfromPartIthatsunlightintensityismeasuredintermsofasolarconstantwithunitssuchasmW/cm2.15I=ISCR=0Doesitsurpriseyouthatthecurrentatshortcircuitisnotinfinite?Orthatacurrentcanflowwithnovoltage?Wheredoestheenergyoriginate?AnswertoQuestion#1:16I=0R=AnswertoQuestion#2:+_V=VOC17ISCVOCHyperbolaforP=PMAXPointoftangencyVoltageatmaxpowerCurrentatmaxpowerAnswertoQuestions#3and#4(cont’d):18Set#2:RS,RSHISCVOCTheslopesoftheselinesarecharacteristicresistances.RSHRS19Questions:1.Whichresistanceishigher,themeasurementatISCorthemeasurementatVOC?Remember:R=V/I!2.Physically,whatdoyouthinktheseresistancesrepresent?3.Asasolarcelldesigner,whatisyourpreferredidealvalue?20AnswerstoQuestions#1-#3:TheresistanceatISCisextremelyhigh.Inanequivalentcircuitmodelofasolarcell,itrepresentsashuntresistance.TheresistanceatVOCisextremelylow.Inanequivalentcircuitmodelofasolarcell,itrepresentsaseriesresistance.Bothoftheseresistancesareinternal,andrepresentenergydissipationmechanismsinthecell.Ideally,adesignerwouldlikezeroseriesresistanceandinfiniteshuntresistance.21ISCRSRSHRLOADEquivalentcircuitforasolarcellwithload.InternalresistancesRSandRSHrepresentpowerlossmechanismsinsidethecell.CellCell22ISCRS=0RSH=RLOADTheidealsolarcellwouldhavenointernallossesatall!WhatwouldtheVIcharacteristicofTHIScelllooklike?23ISCVOCRSH=RS=0TheIdealSolarCell24Noticethattheareaundertherectangle=PMAXfortheidealcell.Forthiscell,PMAX=VOCISCISCVOCTheIdealSolarCell25ISCVOCSet#3:FillFactorInfact,PMAX/(ISCVOC)measuresthecell’squalityasapowersource.Thequantityiscalledthe“FillFactor.”Canyouseewhy?26Questions:1.Whatistheidealfillfactor?2.Cantheidealcelleverbebuilt?Whyorwhynot?3.Foracellwiththeseparameters:(0V,150mA),(0.43V,142mA),and(0.5V,0mA)calculatethefillfactor.27AnswertoQuestion#1:Theidealfillfactorisunity.Why?AnswertoQuestion#2:Anidealcellmightbeapproximated,butneveractuallybuilt.Natureisneveridealashumansthinkabout“ideal.”AnswertoQuestion#3:Thefillfactoris:(0.43V142mA)/(0.5V150mA)=0.81=81%28太陽光發電系統介紹Inverter篇MotechIndustriesInc.29變流器技術太陽光電池與電池產生直流電壓與電流，然而負載所需為交流功率時，那麼就需要Inverter來轉換DC/AC，一般來說可利用Inverter轉換DC電源成為交流單/三相、50/60Hz、117/220V，而轉換功率可從數百Watts到數千KWatts，較大功率輸出的Inverter其輸出電壓可達480V甚至更高。30Inverter種類種類備註1.獨立型A.弦波B.修正弦波C.方波2.併聯型A.單一MPPTB.多個MPPT3.混合型31變流器的功率額定1.功率是時間的函數2.突波功率3.溫度對額定功率的影響32變流器的效率1.效率視負載而定2.電感性對電阻性負載3.效率測量的設定33變流器的波形1.方波2.修正方波或修正弦波3.弦波34變流器電路1.先變頻再變壓2.先變壓再變頻3.波寬調變4.多工變壓器35市電併聯混合型變流器Moreflexibilityonpowermanagement.Provideslimitedpowerforcriticalloadsincaseofpowerfailure.RequiresBatterymaintenanceschedule.36變流器特徵總合ACOUTPUTPARAMETERSDCINPUTPARAMETERSPROTECTIONGENERALSPECIFICATION37ACOUTPUTPARAMETERSOutputVoltageOutputFrequencyContinuesACoutputratingWaveformOutputPowerFactorTHDDCcontrolinjectionEfficiency38DCINPUTPARAMETERSInputPowercontrolMPPTRange39PROTECTIONInternalProtectionSystemAntiislandingProtectionsignals/contactsInternalShutdown40GENERALSPECIFICATION1ParallelOperationLocalOperatorInterfaceFrontPanelLCDDisplayComputerPortsIsolationRemoteAccessParametersFaultlogCommunications41GENERALSPECIFICATION2OutputDateFilesOperatingTemperatureRangHumidityEnclosurePrintedCircuitBoardsStandbyTareLossesNoiseAux.ADCPort42選擇變流器特性之進一步