欧洲文化入门51个名词解释

1欧洲文化入门名词解释51：1．PaxRomana：IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions，itwasknownasPaxRomana2．TheNewTestament名词解释TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教义)ofJesusChrist.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.3．Pentateuch名词解释：TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books，theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks，calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks：Genesis(创世记)，Exodus(出埃及记)，Leviticus(教义记)，Numbers(逃亡记)，Deuteronomy(摩西遗言记)。4．Genesis名词解释GenesisisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch，ittellsaboutareligiousaccount(描述)oftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople，includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman，thecareer(经历)ofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.5．TheHistoricalBookswasdividedintosevensections：①BooksofJoshua②BooksofJudges③BooksofSamuel④BooksofKings⑤BooksoftheChronicles⑥BooksofEzra⑦BooksofNehemiah.6．theMiddleages名词解释InEuropeanhistory，thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.Tobespecific(具体说来)，fromthe5thcenturyto15thcentury.Thetransitional(过渡时期)periodiscalledthemiddleages，betweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.7.Feudalism名词解释FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding(土地所有)—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice(军事力量)。Theword“feudalism”wasderived(来源)fromtheLatin“feudum”，agrant(许可的)ofland.8.codeofchivalry(骑士制度)名词解释Asaknight，hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak，tofightforthechurch，tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry，fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.9．Gothic名词解释①TheGothicstylestartedinFranceandquicklyspreadthroughallpartsofWesternEurope.②Itlastedfromthemid-12thtotheendof15thcenturyand，insomeareas，intothe16th.Morechurcheswerebuiltinthismannerthaninanyotherstyleinhistory.③TheGothicwasanoutgrowth(丰富与发展)oftheRomanesque.(罗马式)10．TheCanterburyTales：①TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenbyChaucer.②ChaucerintroducedFrenchandItalywritingtheEnglishnativealliterativeverse.(压头韵)③BothChaucerandTheCanterburyTalesarethebestrepresentativeofthemiddleEngliRenaissance名词解释211．文艺复兴Generallyspeaking，Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.Theword“Renaissance”meansrevival(复兴)，specificallyinthisperiodofhistory，revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.Renaissance，inessence(从实质上讲)，wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattempts(试图)togetridofconservatism(保守主义思想)infeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie(资产阶级)，tolifttherestrictions(禁忌)inallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.(权利威信)Generallyspeaking，Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.RenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenicewiththefloweringofpaintings，sculpture(雕塑)andarchitecture.最早开始于paintingFlorencewasthegoldencitywhichgavegirthtoawholegenerationofpoets，scholars，artistsandsculptors(雕塑家)。12．RenaissanceArt名词解释Aradical(根本的)breakwithmedieval(中古的)methodsofrepresentingthevisible(可见的)worldoccurred(发生)inItalyduringthesecondhalfofthe13thcentury.Itwasnotuntiltheseconddecade(十年)ofthe15thcenturythattherewasadecidedbreakwiththemedievalpictorialtradition(田园式风格)。13．Reformation名词解释TheReformationwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellas(同时)asocio-political(社会政治)movement.ItbeganasMartinLutherpostedonthedoorofthecastlechurchattheUniversityofWittenberg(机智)his95thesis(论题)。Thismovementwhichsweptover(席卷了)thewholeofEuropewasaimedatopposing(反对)theabsoluteauthority(权威)oftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacing(代替)itwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.Thereformists(改革者)engaged(使用)themselvesintranslatingtheBibleintotheirmothertongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14．Calvinism名词解释CalvinismwasestablishedbyCalvinintheperiodofRenaissance.Presbyteriangovernment(长老会)。OnlythosespeciallyelectedbyGodcanbesaved(上帝的选民).Thisbeliefservessowelltohelptherisingbourgeoisieonitspath(有助于资本主义的兴起)。15．Counter-Reformation(反宗教改革)名词解释Bylate1520theRomanCatholicChurchhadlostitscontroloverthechurchinGermany.TheRomanCatholicChurchdidnotstayidle(坐以待毙)。Theymustered(召集)theirforces，thededicated(专用的)Catholicgroups，toexaminetheChurchinstitutionsandintroducereformsandimprovements(改良)，tobringbackitsvitality(活力)。ThisrecoveryofpowerisoftencalledbyhistorianstheCounter-Reformation.16．thelawsofgravitation(万有引力的内容)：thesun，themoon，theearth，theplanets，andalltheotherbodies(天体)intheuniversemoveinaccordancewiththesamebasicforce，whichiscallgravitation.17．演绎方法Inductivemethod名词解释InductivemethodwasestablishedbyFrancisBaconin17thcentury.Inductionmeansreasoning(推理)fromparticularfactsorindividualcasestoageneralconclusion.(从特殊推一般)。InductionwasputoveragainstDeductivemethod.18、洛克Allourideasareultimately(最后)derivedfromsensation(感受)orfromreflection(反思)andthesetwomakeupexperienceandallourknowledgespringsfromexperienceaswell.19．认知论TheoryofKnowledge名词解释简答Descartesemployed(使用)methodicdoubt(置疑方法论)withaviewtodiscoveringwhethertherewasanyindubitable(不容置疑的)truth.Idoubt，theref