汉学与汉学研究-1

Sinology&SinologyStudying汉学与汉学研究[e-mail]13888593156张月明教学注意事项：•1、师生按时上、下课。•2、课堂上不得饮食、通讯和私匿行为。•3、对教学有批评与建议者，请通过各种正常渠道反映，唯不得干扰教学秩序。•4、考勤只影响及格以上的成绩的高低，请按需、自觉参加教学工作。课程要求：1.认真读书(必须完成全部课程指定读物)2.积极讨论(有根据地讨论课程指定议题)3.完成作业(根据老师要求开展独立研究)4.通过考核(成绩以考核及上述要求为准)课程最终成绩计算方法上课=10分读书=10分讨论=10分作业=10分考核=60分课程教学计划•第一专题汉学的起源与发展（6H）•第二专题汉学——历史与考古研究（8H）•第三专题汉学——文学研究（6H）•第四专题汉学——思想文化与社会(8H)•第五专题汉学中的华人学者（6H）•第六专题汉学批评（2H）主要参考文献•TheEncyclopediaofWorldHistory,6thEd•TheDictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas•WesternImagesofChina•停滞的帝国—两个世界的撞击•鸦片：一个帝国的沉迷和另一个帝国的堕落•想像中国：西方的中国形象史研究•东方学•儒教与道教；•中国的现代化进一步阅读书目•剑桥中国史、法国汉学•海外中国研究丛书•叫魂：1768年中国妖术大恐慌•内闱—宋代的婚姻与妇女生活•文化、权力与国家：1900—1942年的华北农村•中国：传统与变革•中国思想传统的现代诠释•远东海外中国学研究丛书•瑞典东方学译丛、清华汉学第一专题汉学的起源与发展（学科发展史）一、汉学的起源•1、汉学的三重含义：•A、相对于“蕃学”，明清以前中国少数民族群体对中原地区或汉族地区文化、学术和思想的统称。•B、中国儒家思想史上相对于“宋学”而言，反对空谈性命义理，讲究以汉儒之学说经治书的“汉学”。这是中国思想史上的本意。•C、近代以前一切以英文、法文或其他文字研究中国的学问，Sinology&Sinologie的译名，又主要指欧洲社会对中国的研究。TheDictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas思想史辞典PP354•2、西方文献中的汉学起源与中国形象•Before1514,EuropeanslearnedofChinamainlythroughintermediaries,afewtravelers,andluxuryimports.InthesixteenthcenturyChinawasthoughttobea“MightieKingdome,”technologicallymoreadvancedthanEurope.•TheEuropeansoftheseventeenthcenturyweretoldbytheJesuitsthatChinahadarationalsocietyofgreatantiquityandcontinuousdevelopmentthatwouldhavetobeincorporated,byonemeansoranother,intotheirChristian,monogeneticviewoftheworld.BoththeJesuitsandthephilosophersoftheEnlightenmentsawChinaasamodelofEnlightenedDespotism.•ArtistsandconnoisseursoftheeighteenthcenturywereintriguedwithChinaasthesourceofexoticobjectsd'artandasthehomeofanimaginary,happypeoplewhocametolifeinthepaintingsonporcelain.ThereactionagainstChinaasarationalmodelandasasourceofexoticdelightcameinthenineteenthcentury.WhileSinologistssoughttounderstandtheChinaofhistoricalreality,otherEuropeansesteemedChinesepoetryandcultureasbeingaestheticallysuperior,andworthyofstudyandimitation.•TherewereWesternerswhoalsoderidedChinaasastagnant,inferiorsocietythathadnothingtooffertheWestbutproblems.Themodernizing,nationalizing,andcommunizingofChinaproducedthecontemporaryfearofChinaasanemesisofWesternculture.…………•TheindustrialdevelopmentofEuropeanditsexpansionoverseasinthemid-nineteenthcenturyhadthegeneralresultofforcinganendtotheseclusionofbothChinaandJapan.ChinawasopenedtoWesternpenetrationbythewarsof1839-42and1856-60,andbythetreatieswhichfollowed.Japanwasopenedbythe“blackships”oftheAmericansin1853-54andthereafterbyaseriesoftreatieswiththeWesternpowers.•Itwasthistrainofevents,observedandcommenteduponbyMarxandEngels,whichtransformedquicklythebeliefinChina'sstagnationintoapositiveassertionofEurope'ssuperiority.Inhisessay“OnLiberty”(1859),JohnStuartMillenvisagedChinaasanationvictimizedbydespoticcustom.•China'sfailuretoimproveoverthemillenniaheattributedtothesuccessoftheChineseinrepressingindividualityandmentalliberty,andinimpressinguniformityofthoughtandconductthrougheducationandstatecontrol.Theyokeofconformitytomaximsandrulesweighssoheavilyuponsocietythat,inMill'sview,ifChinais“evertobefartherimproved,itmustbebyforeigners.”PP370•Inthemid-nineteenthcenturythevastmajorityofEuropeansheldwidelydivergentandcontradictoryviewsonChinesesociety.BothmissionaryandsecularwriterspraisedtheChineseformildness,docility,andadaptability.Theywerealsothoughtofasindustrious,shrewd,andpractical,butwithapenchantforlyinganddeceitwithoutconscience.•Chineseofallsociallevelswereconsideredtobeextremelypolite,urbane,andcourageousinfacingpersonaladversities;buttheywerealsothoughttobecruel,sensual,andlicentious.“Oftheearthearthy,”inLegge'swords,“ChinawassuretogotopieceswhenitcameintocollisionwithaChristianly-civilizedpower”•(Dawson,p.139).•The“scientific”historiansofthenineteenthcentury,intheirpreoccupationwithnationalandEuropeanhistory,rejectedChinaevenforcomparativepurposes.LeopoldvonRankeinhisLecturesonWorldHistory(ca.1830-48)pronouncedas“unhistorical”Hegel'spostulationoftheeternalstagnationoftheOrient,andclassifiedtheHindusandChineseaslivingeternallyinastateofNaturgeschichteofacompletelysecularandunreligiouscharacter.RankethenwentontoexcludeChinafromhistoryproperbyassertingthattheChinesesourcesaremythical,unreliable,secondary,orunavailabletoonewhodoesnotreadChinese.•JakobBurckhardtprizedtheWesternheritagesohighlythathecompletelyexcludedChinafromhislecturesinthefearthatalieninfiltrationsmightmuddythelimpidstream.ErnestLavisse,whosharedBurckhardt'shighregardfortheWestandhisfearsforthefuture,grimlyprophesiedin1890:“Allstrengthgivesout;theabilitytomaintaintheleadinhistoryisnotapermanentattribute.Europe,whichinheriteditfromAsiathreethousandyearsago,willperhapsnotalwayskeepit”(Vuegénéraledel'histoirepolitiquedel'Europe,p.239).•ThethreatofChinatowhite,Christiansupremacywasraisedrepeatedlyinthelastthirdofthenineteenthcenturybymissionaries,racists,andmilitarytheorists.CountArthurdeGobineauwhotheorizedonthesuperiorityofthewhiteovertheyellowandblackraces,warnedofthedangerstowhitedominancefromexcessiveinterminglingwithinferiorbreeds.BloodpollutionwasidentifiedbyHoustonStuartCham